The Periphery, Strayer 22

2/26/2017

Gandhi's March to the Sea.

Bingham

2/26/2017 10:25:17 am

What was the role of Gandhi in India’s struggle for independence?

Gandhi led through example ideas such as confrontations and resistance, but in a non-violent way. This became the foundation of India’s decolonization movement.

He was the leader of the INC during the 19020’s & 30’s.

He played a key role in making the INC into a mass movement.

Yasmeen Gaber

2/26/2017 11:26:22 am

What was distinctive about the end of Europe's African and Asian empires compared to other cases of imperial disintegration?

1.The extent to which the end of the empire was associated with the mobilization of the masses around a nationalist ideology
2. African and Asian imperial disintegration generated a great deal of new nation-states who sought equal statuses of sovereignty in a world of nation-states
3. Because African and Asian colonies did not as largely consist of Europeans, the struggle for independence not only had political ramifications but also reaffirmed the vitality of the native cultures
4. The Afro-Asian following of national self-determinism in the 20th century was a major cause of the delegitimization of empires
5. The downfall of the Soviet Union brought down the last of territorial empires in history

Am I missing something/do I have superfluous items?

Taylor Scott

2/28/2017 05:56:33 am

I don't know if I would include point 5 because the USSR empire seemed to be more focused on Eastern Europe than Africa and Asia. What do you think?

Yasmeen Gaber

2/28/2017 09:15:25 am

Retrospectively, I'm not totally sure why I included it...I think I was trying to make a stretch argument about Russia being technically a part of Asia? Probably don't need it.

Yasmeen Gaber

2/26/2017 12:04:13 pm

What international circumstances and social changes contributed to the end of colonial empires?

1. the world wars weakened Europe and discredited a sense of European moral superiority; both the US and the Soviet Union (global superpowers) opposed the European colonial empires, despite the fact that they had similar ventures
2. The United nations provided a suitable platform on which to wage anti-colonialist outcry
3. A transformation of social values came with the discrediting of empires by the above
4. In Africa and Asia, a class of second and third generation Western-educated elites arose who were familiar with European culture and were deeply aware of the gap between European values and practices, no longer viewed European practices as the path to progress and insisted on independence
5. ordinary people were receptive to messages of independence (e.g. veterans of the world wars, young educated people without adequate jobs, urban workers who were aware of their exploitation, female traders who were resentful of European privileges, rural dwellers who lost land or were used in forced labor)
6. Local pressures of independence lead to a cautionary European attempt at a new relationship with the colonies for the retention of economic gains-->political reforms, writing of constitutions, building of infrastructure, elections (the European basically created the independence)

This feels like a lot...should I leave something out?

Matilda

2/28/2017 04:45:51 pm

I also said that the rhetoric of Christianity, Enlightenment thought, and material progress sat awkwardly with the realities of colonial racism, exploitation and poverty (democratic European values were opposite of dictatorship of colonial rule)

Yasmeen Gaber

2/28/2017 05:21:20 pm

Great catch! I'll be sure to include that.

Yasmeen Gaber

2/26/2017 12:57:38 pm

I'm having particular trouble with this one...

What obstacles confronted the leaders of movements for independence?

1. the relationship between nationalist leaders and their followers was tense because leaders often had difficulty in relating to the common people (leaders were usually upper class men)
2. struggles for independence were rarely unified, rather they were fragile alliances representing differently oppressed groups who came together for a common goal, but who struggled amongst themselves over the question of power, leadership, ideology and strategy
3. intransigent areas provided a challenge in mobilizing movements

What am I missing?

Matilda

2/28/2017 04:48:02 pm

Not sure if this works but I also said
-Leaders had to organized political parties, recruited members, plotted strategy, developed an ideology, and negotiated with one another and with the colonial state
-Leaders also sometimes directed military operations and administered liberated areas

Yasmeen Gaber

2/26/2017 05:04:59 pm

How did India's nationalist movement change over time?

1. British never fully assimilated-->acute awareness of divide between British and natives-->Indians come together
2.infrastructure, journalism, education, English language brought Indians together and furthered communication
3. founding of Indian National Congress as an all-Indian party by educated Indians-->new level of rebellion, banditry and tax evasion; argued that they were better for India than foreign rulers
4. INC initially had difficulty gaining a following among peasants, but changed after WWI-->British trying to reform politics to regain Indian loyalty
5. British attacks on Ottomans antagonized Indian Muslims, influenza epidemic, British violent encounters with Indians-->Indians banding together against the British

I'm not sure if this answers the question substantially...Thoughts?

Matilda

2/28/2017 04:52:28 pm

This all looks great. Could you also add that early nineteenth century cultural nationalists wanted to renew Hinduism which led to India’s feeling as a cultural unit?

salsa

2/26/2017 05:40:52 pm

MQ: Why was African rule in South Africa delayed until 1994, when it had occurred decades earlier elsewhere in the colonial world?
- South Africa’s freedom struggle was against the White Settlers who ran the colony.
- Almost all black Africans were involved in working for the white-owned economy rendering individuals vulnerable to repressive actions
- The prominence of race in South Africa with the official policy of the apartheid (which separated blacks from whites in every way possible) made the struggle against White settlers even stronger

Bagels

2/26/2017 05:45:06 pm

MQ: How did South Africa’s struggle against white domination change over time?

- First the ANC (African National Congress that provided organization for South African resistance efforts) just sought to be accepted as civilized men, and not to overthrow the existing political power. They appealed to liberal, humane, Christian values that the White society claimed, and they pursued peaceful protest (petitions, conferences, delegations, etc) for four decades.
- A young, new, generation of ANC, pursued nonviolent civil disobedience (boycotts, strikes, demonstrations, and burning of passes). This was the period of Nelson Mandela.
- The government responded with more repression and the banning of the ANC. Underground nationalist leaders turned to armed struggle, selected acts of sabotage and assassinations, and preparing for guerrilla warfare.

I had trouble answering this one. Am I missing something? Is there too much?

Yasmeen Gaber

2/27/2017 08:15:00 pm

I would also add as the final bullet that the final push in South Africa's end to apartheid was international pressure, which eventually lead to white leaders believing that discussion with African nationalists was necessary to keep a violent struggle from rising up (thus ending apartheid). Also, within the beginning bullet point, could you add that during the beginning period, women were kept out of the movement but slowly permeated inward? That might be considered a small change within the larger change of the first bullet point.

Niara

3/2/2017 05:36:23 am

The Black labor movements in the 70s and 80s and the international pressure on apartheid towards the end of the 20th century.

Yasmeen Gaber

2/27/2017 05:57:11 pm

What conflicts and differences divide India's nationalist movement?

1. Gandhi's rejection of modern industrialization was met with disagreement by those who encouraged science and technology, such as his own lieutenant
2. Not everyone agreed with a non-violent and inclusive approach
3. A Hindu organization preached hatred against Muslims and declared India as essentially Hindu; Urdu was also largely replaced in schools with Hindi, antagonizing Muslims
4. Some in the Congress Party believed that the elevation of women and untouchables was merely a distraction against gaining independence and did not agree with Gandhi's views likewise
5. Another issue was wether or not to participate in British-sponsored legislative bodes without complete independence
6. An All-Indian Muslim League was created as a result of a growing divide between Muslims and Hindus-->creation of Pakistan (both modern Pakistan and Bangladesh) as new states for Muslims, mass violence and extreme diaspora into new lands

Is this too much? Not enough?

Matilda

2/28/2017 04:56:43 pm

I think that bullet point #6 might be going a bit off-topic, but you could definitely incorporate the creation of Pakistan as a new state for Muslims into #3??

Yasmeen Gaber

2/28/2017 05:23:09 pm

You're probably right, I was thinking about combining three and six for the "Muslim" point.

Yasmeen Gaber

2/28/2017 09:45:52 am

A rhetorical question on 1108:

What might explain the global pattern of a rise in democracy and fall of dictatorship and its expression in the Global South in particular?

1. Democracy and human rights became global ideals and became less closely associated with the West, making it more accessible and less alien
2. the failures of authoritarian governments to aid economic situations, curb corruption and elevate standards of living
3. A social foundation was created with numerous voluntary groups representing persecuted and suffering groups such as women, disaffected students, urban workers and organizations of the religious sort

I feel like there's more that I'm missing...

Sofia Puccio

2/28/2017 05:00:19 pm

I'm a bit confused about women's roles in Iran after the revolution. How did women find more opportunities for employment and education than before even after many restrictions were passed?

Yasmeen Gaber

2/28/2017 05:38:24 pm

What obstacles impeded the economic development of third-world countries?

1. took place in societies divided by class, religion, ethnic group and gender and faced population growth
2. colonial rule barely provided any economic foundation with low literacy rates, a weak private economy, a transportation system meant for export rather than national integration and few people with managerial experience
3. occurred in a world split by rival superpowers and economically dominated by the powerful capitalist economies of the West

What am I missing?

Taylor Scott

3/1/2017 09:02:33 am

What about developing countries had little leverage in negotiations?

Yasmeen Gaber

3/1/2017 03:48:02 pm

Adding it right now!

Yasmeen Gaber

2/28/2017 07:35:08 pm

How and why did thinking about strategies for economic development change over time?

1. role of the state: across the developing world, people expected state authorities to take responsibility for the economy; private economies were weakly developed, private entrepreneurs couldn't contribute much, Soviet industrialization was encouraging and state control protected from international capitalism
2. consensus on state control collapse as people depended on market-based economies
3. failure, mismanagement, corruption in state-run enterprises; collapse of Soviet Union-->disillusionment with state control
4. Western pressures (through organizations such as the World Bank) pushed capitalism
5. after a strong shift into capitalism, several developing countries sought to revive the role of the state to create "state capitalism", an attempt at a balance between socialism and capitalism
6. Latin America shielded itself from the world economy during the Great Depression-->economic collapse as traditional reliance on exporting agricultural products became defunct
7. Early emphasis on city-based industrial development and hasty attempts at modernization-->neglect of rural areas and agriculture-->"urban bias" created readjustment of spending priorities
8. growing recognition of the role of women in agriculture-->efforts to assist women farmers directly to aid male bias; women also used to curtail population growth through greater education, birth control opportunities and employment

Am I missing anything or is this too much?

Taylor Scott

3/1/2017 09:08:32 am

I think the "because" answer to #2 is #3, so I would suggest blending them. What do you think?

Leopold Proschutto the 2nd of France and Canterbury

4/22/2017 09:44:02 am

From fairest creatures we desire increase,
That thereby beauty's rose might never die,
But as the riper should by time decease,
His tender heir might bear his memory:
But thou contracted to thine own bright eyes,
Feed'st thy light's flame with self-substantial fuel,
Making a famine where abundance lies,
Thy self thy foe, to thy sweet self too cruel:
Thou that art now the world's fresh ornament,
And only herald to the gaudy spring,
Within thine own bud buriest thy content,
And, tender churl, mak'st waste in niggarding:
Pity the world, or else this glutton be,
To eat the world's due, by the grave and thee.

Bingham

Welcome class of 2019. Some years students collaborate in this space effectively, some years not so much. One thing I know, collaboration significantly enhances learning. If you want access to my thoughts, this is the collaboration space to use. Most people propose an answer to margin questions, big picture question, or anything else related to managing Strayer. Other people can then comment leading to a stronger answer. I'll keep an eye on these pages, and pop in when I think you need me.

The Periphery, Strayer 22

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