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Strayer 20 Colonialism

1/3/2013

34 Comments

 
The Strayer 19 test was an epic disaster! But because I believe in redemption, I'll make this deal with each of you. If you score 90 or above on this reading check and 80 or above on this test (Chapter 20) I'll curve the scores for the chapter 19 test. I believe this wasn't a misunderstanding problem, this was a didn't-do-the-work problem.

So anyway, colonialism.
BP1: Why were Asian and African societies incorporated into European colonial empires later than those of the Americas? How would you compare their colonial experiences?


Europeans incorporated Asian and African societies into their empires later than those of the Americas for a number of reasons, including their lack of a disease advantage over indigenous populations and, in fact, in the case of tropical regions the distinct disease disadvantage of Europeans compared to indigenous populations (remember episode III of Guns, Germs & Steel?)

Also a factor was the Europeans’ reliance on military advantages gained from the Industrial Revolution.

And there was internal competition between European states that drove the accumulation of colonial territories in the nineteenth century despite the risks and expenses involved in ruling directly.

In comparing colonial experiences, the colonial period in Asia and Africa had nothing like the devastating demographic consequences for indigenous peoples in the Americas.

Slavery on plantations was a critical feature of the colonial experience in the Americas but not in Asia and Africa.

Spain and Portugal played a much smaller role in the creation of European colonial empires in Asia and Africa as compared to the Americas.

While European colonizers did have an impact on some regions of Africa, they had a greater impact on the Americas.

34 Comments
Bingham
2/3/2013 05:07:51

BP2: In what ways did colonial rule rest upon violence and coercion, and in what ways did it elicit voluntary cooperation or generate benefits for some people? Great overarching question, just the kind world historians love!

Colonial rule relied on violence and coercion in that many colonies were grabbed with military force; rebellions were regularly suppressed using violence; and forced labor was regularly extracted from the populations of colonies.

On the other hand, the colonial system also relied on voluntary cooperation. Local leaders were often used as intermediary rulers between the colonial administrators and the populations, thus those local leaders were able to maintain much of their social prestige and often gained in wealth.

A small number of Western-educated members of colonial societies benefited from better-paying jobs, elite status within their own societies, and escape from the most tough obligations of living under European control, such as forced labor.

Some regular folks benefited by gaining access to foreign markets for their cash crops or by obtaining relatively good employment, working as soldiers, on railways, at ports, or for other parts of the colonial regime.


Reply
Steffannie Alter
2/3/2013 12:38:56

How and why did Hinduism emerge as a distinct religious tradition during the colonial era in India?

-In India, Christianity made only modest progress and came to be defined as Hinduism as it grew into a more distinct and unified separate religion.
-It provided a religion equivalent to Christianity for India; Hinduism was accessible and had a feeling of historical worth
-Hinduism offered a means of uplifting the country's village communities.
-Hinduism offered spiritual support that combated the materialism and militarism of the Western world.

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Bingham
2/3/2013 12:52:24

Well done Steffannie, and a good choice!

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Bingham
3/3/2013 03:06:14

Just a reminder to those of you who will be out Thursday & Friday, you were supposed to have come and spoken with me about the plan for this week. Those of you that did learned that you will be taking the reading check on Monday and the test on Wednesday. If you will be out Friday, you will be taking the test at lunch on Thursday. I will enter a zero in the grade book for assessments that are missed this week.
And to address the ever present, foolish and immoral act of cheating, I am spending my weekend writing three completely different versions of both assessments.
You guys must know by now that I care about you and your learning. So understand that I have your interests at heart when I tell you that you have got to break out of this do-the-minimum-to-get-by mentality. It's what has led you to the place you are now - finding this course so difficult. Bear down, break free, keep your eyes on the prize - the world you want to make for yourself! Stop being a passive bystander in your own life, and engage!

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Christina Hong
3/3/2013 08:00:58

How were the lives of African women altered by colonial economies?

•in some places such as southern Ghana and Ivory Coast, men acted to control the most profitable aspects of cash-crop agriculture and in doing so greatly increased the subsistence workload of women
•working hours increased from 46 per week to more than 70
•as men left seeking employment, their wives were left to manage the domestic economy alone
•had to supply food to men in cities due to low urban wages
•in addition to their normal duties, women took over traditionally male tasks
•in some places such as Botswana, the lives and cultures of men and women increasingly diverged
•sought closer relations with families of birth instead of the families of their husbands
•in some parts of West Africa, women dominated the colonial economy by selling foodstuffs, cloth, and inexpensive imported goods, giving them considerable economic autonomy
•some women in northern Nigeria gained sufficient wealth, contributing more to family income than their husbands
•among some Igbo groups in southern Nigeria, women's crops came to have a cash value, and women could keep profits they gained from selling them
•women of impoverished rural families became heads of their households
•other lower class women took advantage of new opportunities in mission schools, towns, and mines to flee restrictions of rural patriarchy
•increased accusation of witchcraft against women and fears of impotence in response to challenges to patriarchal values
•in some places such as Shona in Southern Rhodesia, men petitioned the colonial authorities for laws and regulations in an effort to criminalize adultery and restrict women's ability to leave their rural villages

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patrick song
3/3/2013 12:23:59

I mentioned that women took on jobs such as breaking the ground for planting, milking the cows and supervising the herd but i think you implied that when you said "in addition to their normal duties, women took over traditionally male tasks"

other than that nicely done hong :D

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Christina Hong
3/3/2013 12:26:25

thanks, song B}

Jessica Stevens
5/3/2013 15:39:25

I also feel it important to add that women began to gravitate towards keeping their relationships with their birth families instead of family-in-laws. they also became small traders in domestic goods, (even though they did some trading previously) while men focused on the trade of wholesale items and import-export goods because of their ties with the trading firms.

Also, women created self-help groups for themselves, and were able to leave the restrictions of rural patriarchy for a short time until the accusations of witchcraft began flying.

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Patrick Song
3/3/2013 10:10:46

How did the power of colonial states transform the economic lives of colonial subjects?

- Required unpaid labor on public projects like railroads, government buildings, etc.
- in French Africa, all natives were legally obligated for statute labor of ten-twelve days
- peasants of current day indonesia were required to cultivate 20 percent of their land in cash crop to meet their tax obligation.
- dutch bought these crops at low prices and sold them for high prices allowing them to gain the maximum profit possible.
- enabled tax avoiding for its people and providing capital for its industrial revolution.
-enriched and strengthened position of those traditional authorities who enforced the system by violent punishments.
-for peasants of Jaya, many became indebt because they had to essentially pay a "double tax" inwhich they had to pay the state and the land lords. This led to a wave of famine in the mid-nineteenth century.

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patrick
7/3/2013 13:17:28

oops forgot to mention the cruelty of the Congos in which the private companies working under the state forced villagers to help collect rubber and those that failed to collect enough were severely punished

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patrick
3/3/2013 10:21:30

How did cash crop agriculture transform the lives of colonized peoples?

- british authorities in burma acted to encourage rice production among small farmers by ending an earlier prohibition on rice exports, providing irrigation and trasportation facilities and enacting land tenure laws that facilitated private ownership of small farms.
- local small farmers benefited considerably because they were now able to own their own land, build nice houses and buy imported goods.
- it was a very different situation from that of peasant forced to grow crops that seriously interfered with food production
- african farmers took the initiative to develop export agriculture.
- shortage of labor fosted the employment of former slaves as dependent and exploited workers and also generated tensions between the sexes when some men married women for their labor power but refused to support them adequately(this one killed me)
- huge influx of migrants from west africa, generating class and ethnic tensions.
- many colonies began to specialize in a certain cash crop or 2 which made it dangerous if the world market dropped prices for that certain crop.

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patrick
3/3/2013 10:48:57

What kind of wage labor were available in the colonies? why might people take part in it? how did doing so change their lives?

So part 1. "what kind of wage labor were available in the colonies?
- subjects in asia and africa sought employment in european plantations, mines, construction projects and homes. In Southeast asia, huge plantations sprouted which were financed from Europe and which grew sugarcane, rubber, tea, tobacco and sisal.
- Trinidad, fiji, malaysia, ceylon, south africa, kenya, and Uganda had laboring as indentured workers and independent merchants.
- In Africa some people stayed as "squatters" working for new landowners as the price of remaining on what had been their own land. others were displaced to native reserves, limited areas that couldn't support growing population, forcing people to work for europeans.
-Mines also became a source of wage labor with malaysian tin mining accelerating in the 19th century.
- skilled and highly paid work reserved for white miners.
- africans were relegated largely to unskilled labor at a fraction of white wages.
- western educated people everywhere found opportunites as teachers, doctors and professional specialists but more often as clerks in government bureaucracies.
-skilled workers on the railways or in ports represented a working class elite while a few labored in the facorites that processed agricultural goods or manufactured basic products such as beer, cigarettes, etc.
- far more numberous were the construction workers, rickshaw drivers, food sellers, domestic servants, prostitutes were some of the few jobs worked by the lower class.

Part 2. Why might people take part in it?
- mostly because they're driven by the need for money, loss of land, need to support family, and orders of colonial authorities.
- british colonial authorities in India facilitated the migration of millions of Indians to work sites elsewhere in the British Empire.

Part 3. How did doing so change their lives?
- Impoverished workers by the hundreds of thousands came from great distances finding their way to plantations.
- many were subject to strict control, often housed in barracks, paid poorly with women receiving 50-75% of a man's wage.
- Disease was common and deathrates were twice or more than that of the colony as a whole.
- Permanent european communities with the help of colonial governments, obtained huge tracts of land, much of which had previously been home to the African societies.
- these mines drew many millions of impoverished Chinese workers on strictly controlled 3 year contracts.
- Appalling living conditions, diseases, and accidents generated extraordinarily high death rates.
- Gold and diamon mines of South Africa likewise set in motion a huge pattern of labor migration that encompassed all of Africa south of the Belgian congo.
- African workers were recruited on short term contracts, lived in all male prisonlike barracks that were often surrounded by barbed wire, and were forced to return home periodically to prevent them from establishing a permanent family life near the mines.

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patrick
3/3/2013 12:02:36

What were the attractions of Christianity within some colonial societies?

- As in the Americas centuries earlier, military defeat shook confidence in the old gods and local practices, which left the people open to new ideas and faiths.
- Christianity was usually associated with modern education especially in Africa where mission schools were the primary providers of Western education.
- the young and poor and women found new opportunities and greater freedom in Christianity.
- brought faith to remote villlages as well as the local communities that beggeed for a teacher and supplied the labor and materials to build a church or a school.

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Bingham
3/3/2013 12:20:06

Well done guys!

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Bingham
4/3/2013 00:04:02

You have most of what you need right here on the forum...of course, if you're not reading the forum, you wouldn't know that, huh?
Make sure I don't catch you with any definitions this time. Don't let an unknown word go un-looked up!

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Patrick
4/3/2013 16:46:09

I still haven't found the definition for "millenial movement" from strayer 19. Can someone help me out so I don't miss it on the ap test?

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Christina Hong
4/3/2013 17:18:53

They're movements in which the participants call for revolutionary action, believing that violence is necessary to liberate themselves from their persecutors and set up an ideal society.

ok good night

Bingham
4/3/2013 22:07:06

Well, okay christina is right, but it's also centered around a change to a new millennium (1000 years) will result in sweeping social changes.

Camille
5/3/2013 10:27:14

Neither have I- and google was very unhelpful to me.

Bingham
4/3/2013 04:12:30

Oh, and don't forget to read the opening vignette and the reflection at the end of the chapter; important stuff!

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Bingham
5/3/2013 11:08:02

I'm sorry Camille, what are you confused about? I'm not sure what you are responding to...? :-!

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Patrick
5/3/2013 11:18:27

i think she's referring our millenial movement chat. I also tried googling it after failing to find it in strayer 19 and the things that came up were pretty confusing.

thanks Mr. Bingham and hong for the explanation!!

Camille
6/3/2013 00:09:25

I was referring to millenial movements. For some reason I couldn't see the previous comments. Thanks though!

Jessica Stevens
5/3/2013 15:48:54

What impact did Western education have on colonial societies?

• Generated new identity and new class group (class refers specifically to the new jobs that were available to the western educated groups in South East Asia, such as being teachers, doctors, specialists, but most often clerks in governmental agencies.)
• Suggested magic. Basically, there was a newly revered population that gave many non-westernly-educated peoples something to strive for and obtain. The excerpt in the chapter was about a boy who wanted the beautiful bicycle.
• Escape form forced labor from the colonial governments.
• Access to better paying positions in government bureaucracies.
• Able to buy imported goods now because of the higher level of wages able to obtain.
• Provided social mobility and status.
• Made Africans somewhat equal to, and occasionally equal to, whites in racially defined societies in the eyes of the law.
• Provided "Liberation from the stranglehold of tradition"

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Nik Liebster
7/3/2013 14:21:20

This seems to me to be the start of the globalisation that De Blij discusses. The Locals becoming Mobals by earning money and so forth. Connections!

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Jessica Stevens
5/3/2013 15:54:30

Possibly important:
The Newly Defined Social Classes Specifically in South East Asia: in descending order.

TOP:
traditional elites
absentee landlords
wealthy Chinese businessmen

WESTERN EDUCATED:
teachers
doctors
specialists
however most often were clerks in governmental agencies and bureaucratic offices

WORKING CLASS:
skilled workers:
railways
ports
factory workers:
agricultural goods production
basic products (beer, cigarettes, cement, and furniture)

URBAN POOR:
construction workers
rickshaw drivers
food sellers
domestic servants
prostitutes
etc.

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Jessica Stevens
5/3/2013 15:54:37

Possibly important:
The Newly Defined Social Classes Specifically in South East Asia: in descending order.

TOP:
traditional elites
absentee landlords
wealthy Chinese businessmen

WESTERN EDUCATED:
teachers
doctors
specialists
however most often were clerks in governmental agencies and bureaucratic offices

WORKING CLASS:
skilled workers:
railways
ports
factory workers:
agricultural goods production
basic products (beer, cigarettes, cement, and furniture)

URBAN POOR:
construction workers
rickshaw drivers
food sellers
domestic servants
prostitutes
etc.

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Jessica
5/3/2013 15:55:36

oops my computer messed up sorry!

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Jessica Stevens
5/3/2013 15:58:25

What was distinctive about European colonial empires of the nineteenth century?

• New racial prominence. “scientific racism."
• The affect the colonial governments had on their colonies and their penetrative abilities
• "Tribal Africa" is new concept
• European colonial policies contradicted so heavily with those of their own values.
o Democratic v. dictatorship.
o Empire v. national independence.
o Ranked racial classifications v. Christian/enlightenement ideas
o Modernization v. non-modernization

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Bingham
6/3/2013 00:49:46

Jessica is en fuego!

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Victoria, Nadia, AriAnna, Emily Scott
7/3/2013 00:38:33

Squatters
Neo-European
Tribal Africa
Detribalization
Statue Labor
African Reformation

Reply
Victoria
7/3/2013 00:40:04

These are words that Bingham likes to mention X3

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patrick
7/3/2013 14:31:54

I'm just going to point out a few words that were unfamiliar to me.

1. Emirs- title of muslim ruler
2. Detribalization- the process of catagorizing people in a society to weaking or split the country. like when rwanda was split into hutus and tutsis
3. Onerous- burdensome.
4. derogatory- expressing criticism.

Allison Cole link
28/3/2015 12:38:07

This is a really great website to me because it really helped me with AP World.

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