Climate Change, de Blij 4

9/10/2013

Ask this guy if he thinks the climate is changing! Okay guys, this chapter offers it's own special challenges. I think you should study the charts and graphs very carefully!

177 Comments

James O.

9/10/2013 11:59:29

Well so far the chapter seems pretty straightforward and the vocab is scarce. But I have a feeling were going to need to know the Geologic Time Scale and a lot about it...

Bingham

9/10/2013 13:46:20

You'll need to know the eras, plus the epochs in the tertiary/quartinary.
I agree, pretty straight forward and not to much vacab except for the geological jargon.

CLINTON

9/10/2013 13:57:19

I completely agree the purpose of each section and the chapter as a whole is very evident and its easy to distinguish what's important and what's not....

Libby

9/10/2013 13:07:34

Hey guys, I was not in school today, can anyone give me a rundown of what we did in class? I was told we finally did the "tape activity" but what was it about? Thanks!

Clinton

9/10/2013 13:55:58

STARBURST!!!! hahhaha no it was basically giving us a real life-graphic representation of how energy and food is distributed among different areas and also the comparisons in demographic issues such as infant mortality rates add literacy rates,etc.

clinton

9/10/2013 13:57:49

*and

Clinton

9/10/2013 13:59:19

Does anybody else hear Mr.Bingham in their head as they read...... like its crazy when I read i just think about him asking questions on some of the stuff.

Bridget

9/10/2013 14:30:03

Nope, I think of a withering old man under a patchwork quilt who's frowning at our ignorance...but when he said "spiraling" I could hear Mr. B laughing sarcastically and whipping our his shank

Lynn

13/10/2013 04:54:18

I get that too! I'll be reading and when I see something important, I'll imagine mr. Bingham testing me with that question

Oliver

10/10/2013 10:49:26

so i know hes supposed to have an idea and then concrete details, but for "oceans past and future" his point is that there are still important open questions left to answer and he uses the books "the end of science" and "the end of history" to show how their thoughts were wrong. he goes on to say some of the questions and then hypotheses on how to answer them. do we need to know the hypotheses for each question or just the questions and then maybe some outside of the book (our own examples)

also if i got the wrong thesis of that bit pleases say so :) thank you

Clinton

10/10/2013 12:14:37

I feel like you did but just let it be one sentence and the REAL gist not the other stuff....I put though questions remain unanswered even the oceans have a past.

Bingham

10/10/2013 14:20:24

Well put Clinton!

oliver

10/10/2013 15:45:21

ah. so more of a general thesis idea. okay :) thank you. and you too Mr.Bingam :D

Bingham

10/10/2013 14:21:27

I've been giving away pure gold in class, hope you guys are listening!

Clinton

10/10/2013 15:31:12

YOU HAVE!!!!! The only thing you haven't done is write it on the skyline

Bingham

12/10/2013 09:49:37

Oh, I get it, you're waiting until the night before to study. How's that working for you?

Clinton

12/10/2013 12:48:00

I'm on the hunt for the thesis but I haven't found anything....

Isabella Jarosz

13/10/2013 04:29:38

Would it be fair to say that the gist of the introduction of Chapter 4 was that as a geographically illiterate society, we understand climatology even less?

Ma'at

13/10/2013 05:16:07

Yes and as de blij says "The public is bombarded with dire warnings about [weather] and political al leaders cast doubt on the science"

Ma'at

13/10/2013 05:11:44

Here are some vocab words i found that I thought was important.
Epicenter- the point Earth's surface that is directly above the focus
Cataclysmic- relating to or denoting a violent natural event
Chicxulib crater- is a prehistoric impact carried buried underneath
Epoch- is an instant in time chosen as the origin a particular sea

Bingham

13/10/2013 06:31:24

Whoa! look up "epoch" more carefully!

Allie

13/10/2013 09:51:10

In regards to the word epicenter, I think that based on context the word means the true center of disturbance from which the shock waves of an earthquake radiate.

Ma'at

13/10/2013 05:47:38

Here is what I think the thesis is: Although there has been research done to understand more about future climate and geography, the miscommunication between scientist and public is causing misinterpretation of present problems and the lack of knowledge prohibits society from knowing how the global climate will shift in the future.

Clinton

13/10/2013 23:59:08

That does sound like the thesis but I would word it differently cause right it looks like a summary

Bingham

14/10/2013 00:20:09

Yeah, this one is tough. I'm not sure we can really think of this as thesis, more like gist. I like what you have Ma'at, but I would add that there are vast timescales forces here that make the idea of predictability within one human lifetime absurd/unobtainable.

Allie Elkhadem

13/10/2013 08:19:42

As I was searching on the internet, I found this really helpful diagram of the eras and epochs. It's not perfect, but I would suggest checking it out. (It's very colorful and has cartoons)
http://www.earth-time.org/trollart.html

Lynn

13/10/2013 11:49:00

I was reading the Ice on the Globe section again since there was so much information to absorb and a question came up. I understand that the Permian Ice Age was not the cause of the mass extinction in the Permian period, but was it just a theory for the extinction and then they found the meteor, the actual cause for the life wipeout, and it never actually existed? Or did that ice age really happen, but it just wasnt the cause of the extinction?

Audrey

14/10/2013 13:37:24

I am pretty sure that the ice age did cause some extinction but the mass extinction of that time period is the meteor hitting earth.

Lynn

15/10/2013 15:26:57

Alright, thanks Audrey!

Augi

13/10/2013 14:07:52

So I found that this chapter has a lot of info, but where is his commentary? What's the point he's making?

Clinton

13/10/2013 15:11:14

He did use commentary but I found that this chapter he mostly burried his commentary in the factual evidence.So I found it harder to eliminate opinionated statements if they all were backed up and stated as a fact

Audrey

14/10/2013 10:10:58

So, in this chapter, it is very factual, and because it covers so much material, there was not really an overall thesis. There is a gist, though, which I think is, we know a lot of the past and its climate and geographical changes, but because there was a vast amount of time, it makes nearly impossible to make predictions about what will come next. It also makes it difficult to make predictions because of the miscommunication between public and scientists and the lack of knowledge that we have today.

Clinton

14/10/2013 12:36:46

Thanks so much!!!!!

Sofia

14/10/2013 12:51:22

If asked to define what voodoo meteorology is, what would be a good (preferably brief) definition for it?

Clinton

14/10/2013 13:29:52

Meteorology based on little known prior knowledge and that's far and kinda impossible to tell

Sofia

14/10/2013 14:06:15

Thank you, Clinton!

Cameron O.

14/10/2013 15:04:33

Are we only supposed to know 2 mass extinctions? I know there are at least 2 but is the ice age extinction going to be important?

Audrey

14/10/2013 16:12:39

You will have to know the 3 major extinctions, including the Ice age, so I would say know the basics of what happened.

Sofia B.

15/10/2013 11:19:14

Mr. Bingham mentioned something about a Toba Explosion. Is that in the book? If so, where can I find it? Also, we only have to memorize the eras and the epochs for the test, correct?

Kiyana

15/10/2013 12:19:29

-In response to sophia- He said multiple times in class to make sure we know the epochs, eras, and the periods, in order.

Kiyana

15/10/2013 12:21:38

BUUUT, earlier on this forum he said just the epochs and eras? so i'm actually not 100% sure...

Clinton

15/10/2013 12:55:16

I would say know the whole chart in and out because Mr.Bingham can surprise you.He said himself that of course he wouldn't tell us what's exactly on there but what we need to pay close attention too and advise us on what we should know even if it happens to be on the test or not.Plus you wouldn't really understand things from the sections "Ice on the Globe" and so on without knowing the whole chart and background from then on De Blij continues to always draw references and examples to that chart.

Bingham

15/10/2013 13:10:11

That sounds like very clear thinking Clint!

Alex S

15/10/2013 13:31:58

I was wondering If we need to know all that stuff about the sun, the cycles and the minimums and all that stuff about the years

Audrey

15/10/2013 13:36:55

You should know everything about any cycle! YAY

Smolensky

15/10/2013 15:00:56

Can anyone give me a notable definition of Wisconsinan Glaciation?

Lynn

15/10/2013 15:33:06

It's the most recent glaciation with brief interglacials and short periods of warmer climate scattered in it that made it more habitable for plants and animals in the higher latitudes of Earth. Did I get it, Mr. Bingham? Kind of my first time, actually asking and answering questions...

Oliver

16/10/2013 10:49:23

i don't think that's quite right. i went to the book and yes the inter glacials are all right and yes it made habitation in higher latitudes possible for thousands of years BUT the temperature changed too quickly / rapidly and " took its toll on not only plants and animals but hominins and humans" i think that we change but we do so and adapt over time so when the changes happened that fast it had a negative effect on the living organisms. (sorry couldn't think of an umbrella term)

Danielle

16/10/2013 10:39:21

Is the Toba Explosion the explosion that sent debris into orbit, blocking the sun, putting the earth in darkness and altered global climate?

Oliver

16/10/2013 11:06:30

yes. it was a volcano that exploded :) (not erupted. sorry if you already knew im reminding myself as well)

and just putting this out there because i think its important . the 3 major extinctions. :
*end of the Permian period/ Paleozoic : ended in catastrophe NOT frigidity. there was a meteror that wiped out nearly 90% of life on earth.

* Toba explosion: almost wiped out all of humanity. happened during the wisconsinan. "evolutionary bottleneck"

*K/T boundary: a giant meteor that struck earth and wiped out the dinosaurs. what it didnt kill died from the thrown off food change or other after effects.

the snowball earth, while important, was not a major extinction because there wasnt life to be made extinct by the event. it was disastrous to the planet. not its occupants. or maybe to the future occupants

Kristine M.

16/10/2013 11:55:51

Well put, oliver!
do anyone happen to know when the Toba Explosion was??
I know its at the end of the Cenozoic era.. before the Pleistocene epoch..

Ma'at

16/10/2013 12:56:17

So the Snowball earth is not considered one of the three major extinctions? Just the Toba Explosion, the K/T boundary, and the Major Extinction?

Kristine M.

16/10/2013 11:16:09

-responding to danielle-
yep! I had to re-read about the Toba Explosion a couple times, so I could completely understand it! i would suggest doing that if your unclear! :)

Oliver

16/10/2013 11:42:42

so there isnt a main thesis of this chapter but there is a gist right? here's what im getting. add on to or take away from it please :)

We, as humans, are insignificant to the power of nature and it could easily wipe us out as it has for many other species before. Despite this we do have a certain control over what happens to our environment. he isnt advocating any action but human activity HAS led to a rise in temperature and greenhouse gasses. in the scale of time our tiny amount on this planet has already taken a huge effect (negative) on it and we dont know when the next major extinction could happen
( reference voodoo meteorology )

MacKenzie Mellen

16/10/2013 13:11:40

I think you've got it. What I found when reading was that de Blij finds it slightly arrogant that we say we've had such a "huge influence on the environment", and that we think, since we have complex technology and a massively developed society, can change the climate of the eons-old Earth.

Bailey

16/10/2013 11:52:27

I'm not sure if anyone has brought this up yet, but I don't think I've seen it on here so far, so just in case I'll bring it up. In Monday's tutorials with Audrey, she said that there isn't a thesis (which has been pointed out) but the gist was something along the lines of:
We know much about the past geologically and climatically, but the vast time scale and complex factors involved many any certainty about any past...

Sorry, I didn't get the last part of it; the tutorial was really packed and crazy and I can't find anyone with the full notes. But just in case it might be helpful to someone, there you go! And if someone happened to get the last bit, that could be helpful.

Bailey

16/10/2013 11:53:03

*make

Kristine M.

16/10/2013 12:01:41

this is the Gist i got from Audrey!: (Bailey)
We know a lot of the past and its climate and geographical changes, but because there was a vast amount of time, it makes nearly impossible to make predictions about what will come next. It also makes it difficult to make predictions because of the miscommunication between public and scientists plus the lack of knowledge that we have today.

aidan

16/10/2013 11:56:11

so i had a question about the three mass extinctions. in class we agreed that they wher the toba explosion, the chicxulub impact, and the snowball earth theory. but as i was re-reading i found a spot where he said that the Permian(dwyka)ice age was one of the greatest mass extinctions.(pg.108, 2nd ppg) is this ice age part of the snowball theory or not?

Oliver

16/10/2013 12:07:38

so yes the toba was one of them and chicxiclub ended the mesozoic. but im not sure if that IS the K/T boundary or if it went along with it. im guessing the first but im not positive. and as for snowball earth ill just quote my self

the snowball earth, while important, was not a major extinction because there wasnt life to be made extinct by the event. it was disastrous to the planet. not its occupants. or maybe to the future occupants

the other major extinction was the end of the paleozoic era. it was a meteor that killed 90% of life on earth.

elle

16/10/2013 13:56:26

Okay so i remember mr.b saying the snowball earth isn't nessecarily a mass extinction the k/t blast was a major extinction the toba supervalcano and the end of the permanian ice age the chicxlulub impact is related to the kt because it caused that transition from cretaceous to tertiary

aidan

16/10/2013 12:00:07

and is it one of the major extinctions

Kristine M.

16/10/2013 12:06:44

hi Aiden!
The three mass extinctions are : The KT Boundary, The "mass extinction" at the END of the Permian period, and the Toba Explosion.

As oliver said, ^^ the Snowball Ice age wasn't a extinction because there wasn't life to be made extinct by the event.

aidan

16/10/2013 12:03:10

####### diss regard my previouse two comments i answered my own question

Kristine M.

16/10/2013 12:12:54

Does anyone happen to know WHEN the Toba Explosion was??
I know its at the end of the Cenozoic era.. before the Pleistocene epoch..

Oliver

16/10/2013 12:19:47

do you know the timeframe for doltons minimum? (the year with out a summer) im pretty sure the explosion was the cause of that.

Sofia B.

16/10/2013 12:46:43

Kristine -
The Toba explosion took place 69,000-77,000 years ago. The Dalton Minimum took place in the late 18th century through the early 19th century.

Caleb

16/10/2013 12:22:57

will we need to know all the periods for the Paleozoic era as well as the other eras?

Oliver

16/10/2013 12:28:23

you just need to know the eras (in order ) and the epochs for the cenozoic (in order)

Cameron O.

16/10/2013 12:28:04

I have a question directed towards Mr. Bingham, when we name the Quaternary and tertiary epochs do we name them in order starting with pleistocene or with paleocene? And will each epoch we answer on the test, be worth one credit each or one whole collective question credit?

Danielle

16/10/2013 12:40:46

Should we know about the comet hypothesis?

Oliver

16/10/2013 12:49:36

!!! i dont think i picked up on that! do you have a page number?

Lynn

16/10/2013 13:24:23

That's on page 105, I believe! The comet hypothesis is a possible explanation of how water on the Earth came to be, but evidence disproves it (ocean chemistry does not match that of comets)
Danielle, I do think it'd be good to know it. For a de Blij test, it's def better to be overprepared

Bailey

16/10/2013 13:39:10

If Danielle is referring to the hypothesis that comets brought water to Earth and created the oceans, it's on page 105.

Mady

16/10/2013 13:20:22

Are you referring to the icy comet hypothesis where that's supposed to be the cause that earth has water?

Sofia B.

16/10/2013 12:53:24

Is the Chicxulub asteroid part of the K/T boundary?

Elizabeth B.B.

16/10/2013 13:15:51

The K/T Boundary is the name for the transition from the Mesozoic era to the Cenozoic era and from the cretaceous period to the tertiary period, caused by the impact of the Chicxulub asteroid.

Kristine M.

16/10/2013 13:22:39

well thats abetter way of putting it :) haha

Kristine M.

16/10/2013 13:21:09

Sofia-
on page 111 it states: "The Chicxulub impact ended the Cretaceous and marked the beginning of a new geologic-calender period, the Tertiary. Popularly, the transition is called the KT Boundary,, but its.."
So technically yes, but it led to the KT Boundary.. i hope that sort of answered your question!!

and thanks for the date on the Toba Explosion!!

Mady

16/10/2013 13:24:22

Just to confirm, we need to know all of the cycles right?

Kristine M.

16/10/2013 13:35:00

what do you mean by cycles? which ones?

Mady

16/10/2013 13:59:20

The ones to do with the earth and its orbit around the sun in Cycles and Surges pg. 99

danielle

16/10/2013 13:24:45

the comet hypothesis was on pg 105

Kristine m.

16/10/2013 13:34:16

thanks danielle! i would have missed that!

Kiyana

16/10/2013 13:36:52

yes, it says "..has led to the comet hypothesis, which proposes that icy comets bombarded the Earth for more than a billion years while its atmosphere was thin, accumulating freshwater from space that filled the basins in the formative crust." but it's highly unlikely because studies say that the chemistry of the comets cannot be matched to that of the water in our oceans.

Zara

16/10/2013 13:38:01

Hey guys,

I've been reviewing for quite some time now and still am <i>pretty<i> confused about what happened with the KT Boundary! I understand that it left a lot of after effects and devastated the planet, but I don't know exactly what it is...
Help...?

Danielle

16/10/2013 13:41:57

Zara, the K/T boundary is the transition from the Chicxulub impact. You could also say that it is the impact from the Cretaceous period to the Tertiary period. (I don't know if that is entirely correct) Do you guys know?

Kristine M.

16/10/2013 14:02:51

yes that is correct!

elle

16/10/2013 13:39:22

I really likethis chapter because its alot more factual and staight forward. One question i have is when analyzing the ring of fire besides where its located what else is important about it? Also will we have to know about the proconsul dryopithecus and sivapithecus. I actually did find a bit of vocab and made flash cards so hopefully ill be more prepared.

Danielle

16/10/2013 13:45:58

Elle- I saw those vocab words too. When I looked them up, I saw types of apes for dryopithecus and extinct primates for sivapithecus... is that what you found??

Mady

16/10/2013 13:57:59

I think that's what they are but then over periods of time, they evolved into the first modern humans. Of course I could be very wrong.

Kristine M.

16/10/2013 14:08:28

To answer your question elle,

The Ring of Fire is an ocean border belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters.

and yes. we do have to know about the dryopithecus and the sivapithecus.

yay! mee too. I find flashcards very helpful!

Lorenz the Hominin Knowing

16/10/2013 14:10:05

Dear Elle,
We don't need to know the Hominin genesis', but we do need to know the travel/migration patterns of the hominins.

With hope,
Lorenz

Lorenz the Vocab Wary

16/10/2013 14:06:35

Hey everybody! Smooth move to ask this night before the test (go ahead Mr. Bingham . . . shank me in the parking lot with a sharpened toothbrush) but I just want to check on vocab.
Did anyone find anything else big in the way of Vocabulary? I feel like most of the vocabulary was in the first couple of sections. Here's what I have:
-Incontrovertible
-Obfuscation
-Anthropocentric
-Opine
-Causative
-Minimums (minima)
-Subduction
-Ring of Fire
-Alfred Wegner
-Impetus
-Glaciation
-Inter-glacial

Thanks Guys!!

Sofia B.

16/10/2013 14:14:20

Lorenz -
You may already know these words, but I think it may be good to know:
- prescient
- congeal
- cataclysmic
- engender

Lorenz the Vocab Wary

16/10/2013 14:19:03

Thank you so much Sofia!

Kristine M.

16/10/2013 14:15:40

LOL.
I have those plus:

- Mitigate *
-Subduction
-Marsupials
-Epicenter
-Zenith *
-Ameliorate
-Congeal
-Preconsul
-Engendered
-Introspection
-latitudinally
-altitudinally
KNOW CONTINENTAL DRIFT LIKE THE BACK OF YOUR HAND :)

Lorenz the Vocab Wary

16/10/2013 14:19:56

Thanks Kristine!!

Bailey

16/10/2013 14:10:23

Did anyone else get the list of vocabulary words we made in tutorials? If not, I'll post a few (or all) of them if somebody wants them.

Lorenz the Vocab Wary

16/10/2013 14:17:15

Yes please!

Jacob

16/10/2013 14:22:16

I'm not sure if these are from tutorials but these are a few words that were on the board
-latitudinally
-altitudinal
-anthropogenic
-ameliorate
-incontrovertible
-certitude
-mitigate
-zenith

Nia

16/10/2013 14:41:50

Those are from tutorials

Danielle

16/10/2013 14:20:47

Lorenz, what was their traveling pattern?

Lorenz the Hominin Loving (as long as they're wearing deodorant)

16/10/2013 14:37:37

Okay . . . so the Homo Erectus originated in Eurasia. Dryopithecus (Chimpanzees and Gorillas) traveled South to Africa while Sivapithecus (Orangutans) also traveled South toward Indonesia. In Africa, Humans came to be.
At first Humans tried to get to Europe via Sinai Peninsula, but right as they were crossing the Cenozoic Ice Age kicked into high gear and they didn't stand a chance. This pioneer bunch never made it to Europe (emigration failed and all of this was 100,000 YBP). The second bunch tried to emigrate from Africa via Bab-al-Mandab (emigration 85,000 YBP). From there some Humans went to Europe (50,000-40,000 YBP) and others went to what is now eastern India (75,000 YBP). The Humans forked here as well, some going north towards Russia, and others going south towards Indoneisa.
Fun fact tying everything together . . . Ol'Man Toba exploded 73,500 YA (Humans were then still in Bab-al-Mandab exodus).

Bethany V.

16/10/2013 15:44:28

Not quite. Dryopithecus and Sivapithecus originated in Eurasia. . Dryopithecus migrated to Africa, Sivapithecus to Indonesia. Homo Erectus is a descendant of Dryopithecus, it originated in Africa, not in Eurasia.

Lorenz the Hominin Loving (as long as they're wearing deodorant)

16/10/2013 14:37:42

Lorenz the Hominin Loving (as long as they're wearing deodorant)

16/10/2013 14:37:49

Lorenz the Hominin Loving (as long as they're wearing deodorant)

16/10/2013 14:38:33

Lorenz the Hominin Loving

16/10/2013 14:39:36

Okay . . . so the Homo Erectus originated in Eurasia. Dryopithecus (Chimpanzees and Gorillas) traveled South to Africa while Sivapithecus (Orangutans) also traveled South toward Indonesia. In Africa, Humans came to be. At first Humans tried to get to Europe via Sinai Peninsula, but right as they were crossing the Cenozoic Ice Age kicked into high gear and they didn't stand a chance. This pioneer bunch never made it to Europe (emigration failed and all of this was 100,000 YBP). The second bunch tried to emigrate from Africa via Bab-al-Mandab (emigration 85,000 YBP). From there some Humans went to Europe (50,000-40,000 YBP) and others went to what is now eastern India (75,000 YBP). The Humans forked here as well, some going north towards Russia, and others going south towards Indoneisa.
Fun fact tying everything together . . . Ol'Man Toba exploded 73,500 YA (Humans were then still in Bab-al-Mandab exodus).

Lorenz the Glitchy and Appologetic

16/10/2013 14:44:12

Sorry guys . . . computer kept on submitting what I wrote.

Kristine M.

16/10/2013 14:44:58

Hey there Danielle!

let me just give you a couple summaries..

Drycopithecus:

The Chimps and Gorillas moved across the Mediterranian to Southeast Asia. They first resided Europe. They are large brained organisms and hominins and apes had a common ancestor. (this was 9 million years ago for both)

Sivapithecus

The orangutans moved down to the Malayn Peninsula (present day Indonesia) They do NOT share hominin ancestry; end of their line.

40's Cameron

16/10/2013 14:20:59

For the epochs do we need to know what happened in that time or just know the name and order?

Sofia B.

16/10/2013 14:25:22

It would be good to know what happened in each epoch, but if you don't already know that information don't worry too much about it. I think we just need to know the names and order of the epochs...

MacKenzie Mellen

16/10/2013 14:23:34

The Road So Far
I'm just going to recap this chapter and what I've perceived by section until page 113.

Intro:
1. There is no such thing as global warming
2. Human activity is a FACTOR in climate change, but NOT an absolute cause.

CYCLES AND SURGES:
1. The axis/poles shift in a cycle that lasts about 41,000 years, thereby changing the amount of proportionate sun warmth the Earth receives.
2. Sunspot Cycle- 11 years.
3. Temporal Fun Fact- The Maunder Minimum was a cold phase in Europe from 1675-1710 that coincided with low sunspot activity.
3. The timing of warm/cold spells depends on what cycle is most prevalent.
4. It's pretty conceited to assume that we could overthrow nature.
5. Comparatively, humans have been on Earth for a day (275,000 years) in its life. Gee whiz.

DRAMATIC BEGINNINGS:
1. 4600 Million years ago, the Earth became a cohesive burny ball.
2. When it was a baby, 100 million years old, what became the moon SLAMMED into it, causing catastrophe.
3. The Earth was spinning like a top for an extremely long time, eventually slowing down to a ten-hour orbit.
4. Wegner got 99% of the Plate Tectonics concept wrong, but he gets a gold star for figuring out Pangaea.
5. The plates move horizontally in continental drift.
6. When slabs are pulles under and over, earthquakes and eruptions happen.
7. The Pacific Ring of Fire is where this is most prevalent, spreading from Chile to Alaska to Indonesia to New Zealand.
8. Hot lava creates NEW crusts, even when old crusts are pushed under.
9. Temporal Fun Fact #2- The breakup of Pangaea started approximately 180 million years ago.
10. In subduction, the lighter plate tops.

OCEANS PAST AND FUTURE:
1. Some scientists say that the water vapor from volcanic eruptions, which were insane when the Earth was a baby planet, caused our massive oceans, though others hypothesize that icy comets "bombarded Earth for more than a billion years". Both have downsides: Since the atmosphere was ludicrously hot, the water vapor probably would have gone up through evaporation, and the chemistry of the ocean doesn't really match the ice comets.
2. The person labels any given time the "end of science" is likely quite dense.
3. Snowball Earth:
When- Late Proterozoic
What- Entire planet just froze, layered in winter stuff.
Why- 1) decline in sun radiation 2) more oxygen-making microbes
4. "All known ice ages, and perhaps even the Proterozoic one, have periods of severe cold separated by shorter phases of comparative warmth.
5. ERAS:
Paleozoic:
Marine Life
Ice Age
Land Plants
Amphibians
Dwyka Ice Age
MASS EXTINCTION

Mesozoic:
DINOSAURS
Breakup of Pangaea
COMET IMPACT (MASS EXTINCTION)

Cenozoic:
Tertiary-
Paleocene:
Eh.
Eocene:
Age of Mammals!
Oligocene:
Late Cenozoic Ice Age
Miocene:
Eh.
Pliocene:
Eh.

QUARERNARY:
Pleistocene:
APPEARANCE OF HOMININS
Holocene:
Current epoch!

6. The warming period we're in started about 18,000 years ago, interrupted to get cold 12,000 years ago.

7. The Cambrian Explosion:
What- When marine things popped up
When- Oldest piece of Paleozoic

8. Permian/Dwyka Ice Age was the first huge extinction, eliminating 90% of life when Pangaea was still one bunch, and ended the Paleozoic area.

SUDDEN DEATH
1. The Mesozoic was the best during the Cretaceous period (when all the famous and cool dinosaurs were alive).
2. The second mass extinction was when a comet or asteroid slammed into the Earth 65 million years ago, called the Chicxulub Impact. This event is also known as the K/T Boundary, marking the end of the Mesozoic.
3. This had a MASSIVE effect on the globe.
-Ejected rock stayed up, choking everything and blocking the sun.
-Volcanos were bothered
-It was the coldest ever than in 185 million years
4. Characterizing the Epochs!
Paleocene: Major climactic reversals (I assume this is because of the nasty asteroid effects)
Eocene: New Ice Age! Continuous temp. drops!
Oligocene: Formation of Arctic Sheets

5. ICE AGES ARE NOT UNIFORM COOLING EVENTS

6. We're in the Pleistocene, living in a warm phase.

Is there anything absolutely vital I've missed?

Mady

16/10/2013 14:36:18

You are a god thank you this is so helpful

Bailey

16/10/2013 14:49:11

^Ditto to the infinity. Made me laugh.

MacKenzie

16/10/2013 22:48:13

Thanks, y'all! I'll be sure to correct some stuff this afternoon and add some things from 113-123.

Libby C

16/10/2013 15:53:25

Hey MacKenzie, I think Holocene is not a epoch but an interglacial in the ice age we are actually in. We are in the Holocene interglacial, but within the Pliestocene epoch. Thanks for that outline!!

MacKenzie

16/10/2013 22:46:27

Ahhhhh now I see. Thank you! That was confusing the heck out of me. :)

Danielle

16/10/2013 14:23:46

Cameron :You need to know what characterized the eras and what event made the era change.

Sofia B.

16/10/2013 14:32:21

Although this may not apply to everyone (or anyone), I am having difficulty remembering what impetus and introspection mean. If anyone is needing more vocab to study, those words just might be on your test...

Mady

16/10/2013 14:39:02

For introspection, just think of it like this: intro is sort of like inner and then spection is almost INspection. So inspecting your inner self or your feelings and thoughts.

Kiyana

16/10/2013 14:33:14

Hiya folks, I'm in the process of making a quizlet review guide for this chapter so if you wanna start using it, here's the link http://quizlet.com/_gyz1m if there's any info that's incorrect please let me know. It's being made as we speak, so it's not exactly ready for the public, but it might be of some use to you all.

Bailey

16/10/2013 14:36:47

Alrighty, here's the Mother of All Vocabulary Lists! I probably missed a few and added some that are unimportant, but whatever. Add some!

- Mitigate
-Subduction
-Marsupials
-Epicenter
-Zenith
-Ameliorate
-Congeal
-Preconsul
-Engendered
-Introspection
-Latitudinally
-Altitudinally
-Prescient
-Congeal
-Cataclysmic
-Engender
-Incontrovertible
-Obfuscation
-Anthropocentric
-Opine
-Causative
-Minimums (minima)
-Ring of Fire
-Alfred Wegner
-Impetus
-Glaciation
-Inter-glacial
-Constituents
-Zexilly
-Dalton Minimum
-Continental Drift
-Epochs
-PPMOEP~ Pretty Pandas Meet Over Evening Pasta:
-Pleistocene
-Pliocene
-Miocene
-Oliogocene
-Eocene
-Paleocene
-Dwyka Ice Age
-Permian Major Extinction
-KT Boundary
-Mesozoic
-Cenozoic
-Hadean
-Archean
-Proterozoic
-Laurasia
-Proliferated

Lorenz the Grateful

16/10/2013 14:42:43

Thanks for the Acronym!!

Lorenz the Foot-in-Mouthed

16/10/2013 14:45:48

Sorry, pnumaunic.

Bailey

16/10/2013 14:48:01

Forgot dryopithecus and sivapithecus. Oops. Meheh.

Sofia B.

16/10/2013 14:51:51

You're not alone...

Kiyana

16/10/2013 14:50:14

What exactly do we need to know about Alfred Wegener? I'm still kinda confused about what exactly his entire theory was... I know part of it was wrong, but was was it?

Sofia B.

16/10/2013 14:51:13

Hopefully nothing...

Lorenz the Theatre-Loving

16/10/2013 14:51:55

Is it just me, or does anyone else think a Why Geography Matters Musical ( lyrics by Harm de Blij, adapted for the stage by Mr.Bingham) would be both fun and useful?

Sofia B.

16/10/2013 14:58:41

I'd be there...

Bailey

16/10/2013 15:05:33

Ticket sales would go through the roof. The soundtrack would make it on the top iTunes list. Never would a student fail a de Blij test again, and the halls would be filled with the joyous chorus of Geography terms. Why hasn't this already happened?

Answer: There's a reason why only some of us are in vocal. It's a environmental and health hazard.

MacKenzie Mellen

17/10/2013 10:22:21

Already writing it, Theatre Brother.

Lynn

17/10/2013 10:56:39

Clearly, the Theatre gods and Geography gods have gifted us all with this idea, sent by Lorenz the Great Messenger

Nia

16/10/2013 15:03:08

Can someone help me with the definitions of latitudinally and altitudinally? all the ones that I'm finding are not related

Bethany V.

16/10/2013 15:49:49

Altitudinally- relative height from sea level

Latitudinally- relative distance from the equator.

Nia

16/10/2013 15:52:47

Thank you so much!

Kiyana

16/10/2013 15:12:49

How do you define the difference between Eras, Periods, Epochs and Eons?

Sofia B.

16/10/2013 15:17:50

There's not really a "definition", but eons are the longest, then eras, then periods, and lastly epochs. I'm not sure if that helps or not...

Alexis

16/10/2013 15:23:22

I know this is late, but i did not get the vocabulary words Mr.Bingham was writing in orange during Audrey's monday tutorial. I was wondering if anyone who attended the tutorial can give me the list of words he was writing (i was not able to clarify them, sorry), I think this will help me a lot...

Sofia B.

16/10/2013 15:26:46

Alexis -
Around 9:30 Bailey made a post with all the vocabulary words. You'll see it if you scroll above this comment for a bit.

alexis

16/10/2013 15:28:54

Thanks, yeah i scrolled up after and found it. sorry

Sofia B.

16/10/2013 15:33:20

No worries...

Alexis

16/10/2013 15:27:40

Whoops. never mind ._.
Found the list.

Allie

16/10/2013 15:38:17

Just looked at the master vocab list and saw the word Zexilly.. I dont know where this is in the book or what it means...

Sofia B.

16/10/2013 15:47:34

I think this word was a mistake. I did not see it in the chapter nor was it mentioned at the tutorials on Monday. The definition is not on the internet or in the dictionary...

Allie

16/10/2013 15:50:52

Thanks!

Bailey

16/10/2013 16:23:56

Yeah, sorry about that! I honestly have no idea where that word came from... I wish there was an edit button on these.

Elizabeth

17/10/2013 10:42:48

That word was probably zenith, written in a rush

Alexandria

16/10/2013 15:49:28

Latitudinally - Relative distance from the equator

Altitudinally- Relative height from sea level

Sofia B.

16/10/2013 16:11:29

I hope I'm not the only one who will be up until the wee hours of the morning studying de Blij...

Seokhyun B.

16/10/2013 16:25:23

Trust me, you're not...

Seokhyun B.

16/10/2013 16:35:19

Is it just me, or do I feel as if the date "December 26,2004" is really important...? (pg 121, last sentence of 2nd paragraph)

Sofia B.

16/10/2013 16:42:26

I don't think that date will be too important. It's the day of a major tsunami in India... You can find out more information on google.

Basilos

16/10/2013 16:35:57

I have important events for each era except Paleozoic, can somebody give me a few?

Seokhyun

16/10/2013 16:41:53

It's all on the chart on pg 106. The ones listed are "Major Extinction" (leads into Paleozoic), "Dwyka Ice Age", "Amphibians appear", "Land plants appear", "Ice Age" and "Explosion of Marine Life" of course, all of these appear because they each start a new Period in the Paleozoic Era

Hope it helps...

Basilos

16/10/2013 16:45:09

Thanks

Sofia B.

16/10/2013 16:46:05

The Paleozoic era begins with the Cambrian Explosion (pg. 108) and includes the Dwyka Ice Age. After the ice age, the era ends with a huge meteorite striking Earth and killing 90% of all life remaining on the planet.

Basilos

16/10/2013 16:55:51

What was that strike Permian?

Basilos

16/10/2013 16:58:53

I mean is the meteors a part of Permian Ice age, or does it have a seperate name?

Bethany V.

16/10/2013 16:46:53

I know it's referring to an earthquake that occurred in the Indian Ocean, that caused tsunamis to hit Indonesia and India

Kristine M.

16/10/2013 16:49:37

What is the difference between the Permian Extinction and the KT Boundary?

Sofia B.

16/10/2013 16:58:43

Primarily, they are in completely different eras. The Permian extinction took place at the end of the Paleozoic era, when a huge meteor struck the Earth and killed 90% of all life on Earth. The KT Boundary took place at the end of the Mesozoic era and represents the transition between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods brought upon by the Chicxulub asteroid.

Basilos

16/10/2013 17:03:29

Also, what is the definition of epoch

Sofia B.

16/10/2013 17:05:05

An epoch is a period of time in history or a person's life, typically one marked by notable events or particular characteristics. That's the dictionary definition... I doubt it'll be on the test.

Basilos

16/10/2013 17:17:00

Once again thank you, if you don't ace this test there is something wrong, you know all the stuff

Kiyana link

16/10/2013 17:06:19

FINISHED WITH THE QUIZLET. 58 THINGS. BAM. GO LOOK AT IT. http://quizlet.com/_gyz1m

Basilos

16/10/2013 17:15:53

Nice, the old version helped a lot, so it just keeps getting better

Seokhyun

16/10/2013 18:19:19

Thanks Kiyana!

Mitchell

17/10/2013 13:06:03

This is really great! Thanks!

MacKenzie Mellen (I'm baaack)

17/10/2013 10:24:48

Part II
(I feel like "Radioactive" by Imagine Dragons fits this chapter. I mean, "This is it, the apocalypse", though???)

CLIMATES AND PRIMATES
1. An ice age lasts millions of years and is not concentrated on one part of Earth. It. Is. E V E R Y W H E R E.

2. When ice moves down when the ice age is cold (wOW THAT'S A NOVEL CONCEPT), it's a glaciation. Little warm-ups are interglacials. I can remember this by thinking that externally, the glacier is tough and frigid, but INternally, it has a warm heart. :)

3. All of us are African!

4. Chimps and Orangutans, our close genetic cousins, lived respectively in Africa and Southeast Asia.

5. What prompted the migrations of both? THE CENOZOIC ICE AGE WAS AWFUL.

6. Before the Miocene climate deteriorated, it was pretty nice tbh. It got gross during the LATE Miocene.

7. Dryopithecus- Southwestern Europe
Sivapithecus- Forests of northern Ganges
(to remember dryopithecusjust visualize mr. bingham as a monkey. that monkey maintains his DRY humor.)

8. DRYopithecus moved across Mediterranean 9 million years ago.

7. Sivapithecus moved down the Malayan Peninsula into Indonesia.

8. Homo Erectus was the first emigrant species moving from Africa to Eurasia.

THE FRIGID PLEISTOCENE
1. H. Erectus survived for 2 million years and left Africa and spread across Eurasia.

2. Interglacials typically lasted 10,000 years, so the whole glaciation-interglacial thing took 110,000 years probably.

3. There have been four major glaciation and interglacials in the Pleistocene.

4. The most recent glaciation was the Wisconsonian, beginning approx. 100,000 years ago.

5. Modern humans appeared approx. 170,000 years ago.

6. Early humans used the land bridge between Africa and Eurasia to try to get there, but they went pfffftttthh and never made it.

7. The next time they tried, they wanted to cross the Red Sea 85,000 years ago.

8. Bab-al-Mandab (Gate of Grief)

9. First modern humans - Cro-Magnons.

10. Technology helped them survive the Wisconsonian!

A CLOSE CALL
1. On Sumatra, the Toba Volcano went BOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOM. It 'sploded a literal million tons of Earth into space.

2. The Wisconsian Glaciation was booming, too, so it was extremely rude of Toba to decide to explode.

3. Toba was NOT as bad as Chicxulub.

There ya go! :)

Bingham

17/10/2013 11:51:50

Nice work McKenzie! Toba was pretty tough though, because of it's timing!

MacKenzie

17/10/2013 16:43:01

Thank you!

Sarah

17/10/2013 14:08:40

This really helped! Plus, it was quite entertaining.

Hank Bond

17/10/2013 10:45:15

De Blij talks about the theory of Snowball Earth, and after I read it and I was explaining it to my self I found I had no idea hoe it ended. It would make sense that it all melted back to water, but if anybody found anything about it or read something I didn't please tell.

Jaelynn

17/10/2013 13:01:28

Well in the paragraph following the one about Snowball Earth, de blij refers to it as an ice age. And as we discover in the text, ice ages are "periods of severe cold separated by shorter phases of comparative warmth" The Snowball Earth Theory is implied to have ended in one of these warm phases. Hope that helps.

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Climate Change, de Blij 4

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