Classical Variations, Strayer 7

28/9/2013

Okay dudes, roll up your sleeves and get to work! Don't forget to reference the period timeline as you go. If you aren't using the "people, places and things" file on the classical page, you should, reference it as you read. Okay, so, yeah.

61 Comments

Victoria Cashman

28/9/2013 09:58:56

I guess I'll attempt the first margin question, albeit is a bit confusing.

"How did the history of Meroe and Axum reflect interaction with neighboring civilizations?"

Meroe earned its wealth and military power through frequent trade to the north via the Nile and to the east and west by camel transportation. A statue of the Roman emperor, Augustus, was discovered in Meroe, meaning that they must have come into contact with the Romans. Over time, Meroe moved away from Egypt's cultural traditions and writing style. This civilization developed their own writing and began to worship deities that were not affiliated with Egypt. Eventually, Meroe was conquered by Axum, which was another rising state within the region. Like Meroe, Axum also engaged in frequent trade with other civilizations. Axum's main language, Geez, drew upon Southern Arabian influences. Axum was connected to the Roman world, particularly Egypt, through its trade along the Red Sea and Axum's contact with Egypt led to the adoption of Christianity, linking the religions of these two kingdoms together.

Did I get it all?

Jackson Hassell

28/9/2013 11:38:56

You got almost all of it, missing the part of Axum's history where they conquered neighboring countries. Also, the last paragraph in that section shows the similarities of of the two civilizations to Eurasian classical empires, showing that the two civilizations may have quite heavily borrowed from the culture of that area. Though likely it would have been second-hand, through Egypt or, in Axums case, conquered territories, which showed itself through the prevalence of Coptic Christianity (and presumably other factors of Egyptian culture).
Did I get that right?

Bingham

29/9/2013 06:13:18

Excellent work you two!

Jackson Hassell

28/9/2013 18:49:06

So, I just now was reading about the Niger River civilization, and their system of caste-villages. I was wondering how close these came to the jati's of India, how they differed, and why the jati system allowed for kingdoms but monarchs (as empires) didn't appear in Africa until the second century. Sorry, but I couldn't find Strayer mention any direct comparisons in the b

Jackson Hassell

28/9/2013 18:49:44

*book. Sorry 'bout that.

Bingham

29/9/2013 06:25:46

We aren't necessarily going to make that comparison, because firstly, these Niger River castes, though originally organized along broad occupational lines, were more like varnas than jatis. There is a strong similarity though in that we are fairly certain that it was the rigid social structure along the Niger that made political structures, states anyway, unnecessary. This seems to have had the same effect in Indian history. One could conclude then that humans tend to need order and predictability, if they find it in social structure, then political structure becomes less relevant. If they don't find it in social or cultural structure, then it appears that political structures fill the vacuum. For most people this is counter intuitive. We tend, in the modern world, to think of political structures as paramount, while cultural and social structures are secondary. Clearly though, that ain't necessarily so.

Jackson Hassell

29/9/2013 06:42:45

Yeah, that makes a lot of sense. And now that I've completed the chapter I've noticed that there seem to be many more city-states than empires in Africa and America. Could you explain why they didn't develop much larger political structures? I think it might have something to do with invading pastoral peoples or aggressive neighboring empires, but that doesn't explain how the first empires developed in Eurasia.

Paris Bezanis

1/10/2013 15:27:47

I know this is a couple days old but I'll take a stab at it anyway. I think one of the reasons city states became more prominent was in part due to the geography. Almost all these civilizations developed in "second-rate" or less fertile areas compared to the other larger classical civilizations. This is significant because it changed the way agriculture in the areas worked. as cited with Meroe and others there was less need for highly regulated and specialized irrigation systems, which would be typically regulated by a state, lessening the power of any centralized figure head. Furthermore as in the case of Niger River, social structures stepped in as a stead to a strong political structure. While this is specific to mostly Niger River, I still think it is significant. Finally (and I don't know if this one is valid at all) because of the lack of domesticated plants and animals in these areas potential civilizations could not specialize more and "focus" on some of the state building questions posed by Rome and China. They more closely related the structures of the chiefdom that predated them or shaman/priest head leadership.

Emma Hightower

29/9/2013 11:27:04

I'll take a stab at the second margin question
How does the Niger Valley challenge conventional notions of "civilization"?

Niger River created a distinctive city-based civilization, without a corresponding state structure like most other civilizations. Niger had no large imperial system, but wasn't like ancient city-state systems beacuse each city did not have its own centralized political structure. Unlike classical civilizations, there was no sign of totalitarian power, warfare,or outstanding social inequality.Uniquely,economically specialized settlements that surrounded a larger central town emerged,villages of iron smithing, cotton weavers, potters, and such emerged. Although this distinctive pattern gradually evovled into occupational caste. The Niger River provided an alternitive for an oppressive state that is common in other first civilizations.

Did I touch on most of it?

Bingham

30/9/2013 09:44:44

Looks good to me.

Emma

30/9/2013 10:52:43

Hey guys, in this chapter, Strayer asks two important questions that are a HUGE help when taking notes, on page 183, he asks "to what extent did these histories [those of the 3 main classical civilizations mentioned in the chapter] parallel those of Eurasia?", and "in what ways did they forge new or different paths?" This has helped me a lot so far in terms of making big comparisons in the chapter, so hopefully it helps y'all too!

Emma

30/9/2013 11:55:56

The three regions in the classical era mentioned in the chapter, not classical civilizations, my bad.

Casey

30/9/2013 12:59:56

I guess I'll take a stab at the first margin question on page 298. I had trouble with this question so will somebody let me know if I'm missing anything?

1. "What kind of influence did Chavin exert in the Andes region?"

The Chavin style of temple building, which included ornate staircases, hidden passages, drainage canals and distinct carvings, became popular and used in Peru and far beyond. The Chavin's style of religious art (example: human-jaguar images) and practice became widely popular along trade routes that linked highlands and coastal Peru. Also, but in less detail, their art styles in sculpture, pottery, and painted textiles were widely imitated throughout the region.

As for the second question ("What features of Moche life characterize it as a civilaztion?") I'm completely stumped. So if anybody has any inkling of an answer to this question, I'm in desperate need of help!

Emma Dorfman

30/9/2013 13:15:57

I believe that margin question is asking what supports the argument that Moche was a regional civilization. All I have found is that it was over a 250-mile stretch and incorporated thirteen river valleys. Am I missing something big? I feel like this question is too easy.

Casey

30/9/2013 13:26:41

I mean, Strayer also alludes to the Moche civilization's eventual fade into history. But I feel like this "fall" is more associated with the term empire than the term civilization so I'm not quite sure where to go with this question either considering that Strayer doesn't elaborate on much about the Moche way of life that would pertain to making it qualify as civilization.

Jackson

1/10/2013 14:39:52

You got almost everything. I would just add to the end of that that Chavin's religious cult traveled along the trading networks of the Andes mountains. Even if this doesn't directly answer the question, I think it's good to know how that influence is exerted.

Emma Hightower

30/9/2013 13:23:45

aye, margin question on page 190

In what ways did the arrival of the Bantu-speaking peoples stimulate cross-cultural interaction

As the Bantu-speaking people made their way down south from the forest regions of equatorial Africa, they interacted with already-established societies, which altered the cultures of the Bantu-speaking people and the already exsisiting societies. The Bantu-speakiing people were farmers, and their encounters with the hunting and gathering people of africa south of the equator, contained various advantages for the Bantu-speaking people, such as a more productive economy as farmers, secondly, the Bantu-speaking people had lots of foreign diases like malaria, which their aqquaintances had little immunity to, the third advantage was iron, which the Bantu people brought. These integrations of Bantu technologies displaced and absorbed most of the hunters and gathers in most part of Africa south of the equator, but not entirely.

Emma Hightower

30/9/2013 13:23:53

Emily Soice

30/9/2013 22:59:31

Don't forget the Batwa (aka Pygmies). They did not absorb much of Bantu culture, but actually became revered by the Bantus as the "first civilizers of the land."Bantu chieffs claimed that they were of Batwa descent , and gave themselves the Batwa title of "owner of the land."

Victoria Cashman

30/9/2013 16:08:15

Several of these margin questions have been hard to understand/answer, but here goes another one...

"What supports scholars' contention that Moche represented a regional civilization in the Andes?"

I'm not sure what the defining characteristics of a regional civilization are compared to that of just a civilization, but I'll assume that regional civilizations are those that do not spread widely, do not last for a long period, and are not highly influential to later civilizations due to the fact that a mixture of factors served to disrupt their course of existence. Scholars believe Moche only represented a regional civilization because it lasted for just 700 years, it did not partake in wars or any other large expansion projects, and environmental processes worked to ruin this civilization by making it vulnerable to its neighbors and internal social tensions. This is all I really found to answer the question. Is there something I'm missing?

Emma Fielding

3/10/2013 15:12:25

Strayer actually says that for some rulers in Moche, it was a world of war, ritual, and diplomacy. So Moche did participate in wars, although it did stay confined in its core region. Also, the characteristics of a civilization include a stable food source, which the Moche obtained from their crops that were being watered by the runoff from the Andes, and another one is government, which in Moche, consisted of a warrior priest.

Emily Soice.

30/9/2013 22:53:14

Could someone explain to me what market exchange is?

Jackson Hassell

1/10/2013 13:49:35

The online definition is: "a mode of exchange which implies both a specific location for transactions and the sort of social relations where bargaining can occur. It usually involves a system of price-making through negotiation."
I think this is how Strayer uses it for this chapter, and basically it is a form of purchasing and selling in an unrestricted environment, usually bazaars or markets. Just look up Indian Bazaar in google images to get it. A big aspect though is the fact that prices are negotiable.
I don't think that market exchange is hugely important in this chapter, but I hope this helps.

Jackson Hassell

1/10/2013 13:49:41

LoLo Kroll

1/10/2013 12:11:46

On page 188 when Strayer says that one of the reasons for Axum's decline was the rise of Islam and that it altered trade routes, I was a bit confused. Can anyone shed some light on how and why the trade routes changed because of the rise of Islam?

Bingham

1/10/2013 12:21:21

You don't need to worry about that yet. It's in the next period /unit. Islam initially came via Arab conquest, and the Arabs were big time traders. More later.

Jackson Hassell

1/10/2013 14:21:26

I'm having some trouble with the margin question on page 195. Strayer says that the city was so impressive that later civilizations/cities tried to emulate it. I understand that this is a pretty huge historical effect, as far as individual cities go, but is that all there is?

Paris Bezanis

1/10/2013 15:14:13

Are you referring to the one about Teotihicuan shaping the history of Mesoamerica? (Sorry I have the Red Book). Anyway, I think that part of it is in the imitation of the city some of that culture would also be diffused out. Remember how when Strayer talked about Chavin, and he pointed out that the imitation of the distinct "U" shaped temples built showed the spread of the cult, help mark it as expansive and to some degree a civilization? This imitation meant influence and it meant that in some piece that culture was living on, even if in a completely foreign state. So think that can be tied to the cultural impact of the city as a whole, not just the physical prowess. I hope we're talking about the same question!

Jackson

1/10/2013 15:32:42

Yeah, same question. Thanks for helping!

Paris Bezanis

1/10/2013 15:18:03

Could someone clarify why Christianity stuck in Ethiopia even after the diffusion of Islam into the rest of North Eastern Africa? Were there more factors aside from it being mountainous, making trade routes slightly more difficult (which doesn't make full sense because Axum and Meroe were both trade based civs.) And was the fact that these civilizations were much more "African" than their northern neighbors? Did Islam perhaps speak less strongly to the cultural traditions fostered by these more central African people? Help please!

Jackson Hassell

2/10/2013 11:12:16

I know it's a little late for this, just realized that this chapter seems divided up into pairs of empires/regions (Axum/Meroe, Niger River/Bantu, Teotihuaca/Maya, Chavin/Moche, Chaco/Mound Builders).
Is this right? Seems perfect for t-charts (and even more compare/contrast questions)

Bingham

2/10/2013 12:48:48

Why yes, young Jedi, I think you have it. This chapter is different in that all the SPICE themes are explored in these empires/societies. Think more broadly here.
Advise? Zero In on specifics to answer the margin questions and the big picture questions.
Please, all of you, don't make the mistake of thinking I will dumb down this course to meet your level of willingness to work. YOU must rise to the level College Board has determined is the standard. Other students across the nation are willing and able. The only question is, will you make the decision to compete, or roll over and die on the beach?

Nicole

2/10/2013 12:42:09

With what eurasian civilizations might the maya be compared to?

So yes, in strayer, he wrote that Maya "resembled the competing city-states of ancient mesopotamia or classical Greece that the imperial structures of Rome, Persia, or China," but I was talking to Bingham and he said that there's more.
Anyone have any ideas of other civilizations?

Jackson

2/10/2013 13:11:01

Mesopotamia? It was made of city-states as well.

Maroline Johnson

2/10/2013 13:57:39

I came up with a lot more, but I'm somewhat convinced I have completely taken it in the wrong direction.

Mathematical system-very complex like classical Greece and their philosophies
Demise-did not fall from invasions or rebellion, unlike Roman and Chinese empires
Writing system-pictographic like China, phonetic symbols like Rome and Greece
Economic foundations-didn't have any other civilizations to trade with, unlike Eurasian civilizations
No central authority-city-states similar to Mesopotamia or classical Greece

I basically found the big ideas that were talked about and compared them to Eurasian civilizations. Please comment if I'm completely wrong! I need to know before the test!!!

Paris Bezanis

2/10/2013 14:06:43

That looks pretty accurate, although I'd compare the mathematical system more to India, where the crucial concept of zero was also developed. I think you could compare a number of things to Mesopotamia in particular, such as how both were heavily afflicted by the ecological distress they put on the land. Mesopotamia suffered from a salinization of their land and (I think) drought, and the Maya were also heavily impacted by the corrosion of land due to their irrigation systems and the drought that lasted for several hundred years. Furthermore the Maya bickered constantly among themselves, like Mesopotamia, and as a result both were highly decentralized. Aside from that, I can't really think of more. Anyone got any?

Victoria Cashman

2/10/2013 15:04:54

The Maya had urban centers ruled by kings or "state shamans", which seemed to resemble a Buddhist monastery. Maybe this could relate to India?

Paris Bezanis

2/10/2013 15:23:28

I think the relation would be more closely tied to Brahmin rule. Brahmin's held much more political power than the monasteries did, and were much more integrated in Indian society. They also demanded high prices, luxuries, and other class-related things similar to the Mayan ruler class. I would still pick Mesopotamia over India though. While Mesopitmian rulers claimed connection and repersentation to the city's patron diety, they still claimed divine connection similar to the Maya. Both had "divine rulers" able to mediate human and supernatural, as Strayer puts it.

Leina Betzer

2/10/2013 13:27:32

I think the first big picture question is important...but I also feel like im missing something in my answer...:
The histories of civilizations in Eurasia and Africa/the Americas were more different than similar because
- Eurasia had domesticatable animals
- A higher population distribution
- relied more on metallurgy
- writing developed throughout
They were similar because:
-both started the migration process at the same time from the same place
- both had the agricultural revolution take place

Paris Bezanis

2/10/2013 13:58:26

So I think it's also significant that practically all these civilizations were much more city based rather than a strong centralized state like Rome or China. Even Axum, with probably the strongest centralized state among them was still more city centered.

Victoria Cashman

2/10/2013 14:31:43

Here are the following questions I believe could be on the test:

-"In what ways were the histories of the Ancestral Pueblo and the Mound Builders similar to each other, and how did they differ?"

-"What kind of influence did Chavin exert in the Andes region?" (I see this one as the least likely out of what's listed.)

-"With what Eurasian civilizations might the Maya be compared?"

Big Picture Questions 2 and 3

And maybe these too:

"In what ways did the arrival of Bantu-speaking peoples stimulate cross-cultural interaction?

"In what ways did Teotihuacan shape the history of Mesoamerica?"

Maroline Johnson

2/10/2013 14:37:49

So I just realized that no one has answered the margin question on pg. 201 and I think this is one of the most important ones!!!!

In what ways were the histories of the Ancestral Pueblo and the Mound Builders similar to each other, and how did they differ?

I found several similarities:
1) maize based agriculture
2) semi-sedentary - moderately inactive

Only 1 difference.......
1) Mound-Builders
-Built home upwards in a mound shape
Ancestral Pueblo
-Dug down to live in

I have sort of developed a theory of why the ancestral pueblo dug down: they are set up in the middle of the Amazonian desert, so they probably dug holes to trap water when it rarely rained.

Please help me find more differences :)

Maroline Johnson

2/10/2013 14:40:14

There is 1 more similarity on the second one

Paris Bezanis

2/10/2013 14:50:28

Well another similarity is the cultures study of astronomy. The Pueblo built rock slabs to mark the summer solstice, and the the Mound Builders aligned tombs to allow lunar eclipse prediction. Both socities were the product of maize-based aggriculture. In terms of differences, Chaco was much more influenced by Mesoamerica. Cahokia (the form of Mound Builders at the time of Chaco Canyon) were the product of a build up of mound-building culture, whereas Chaco canyon seems much more "start up" with a much shallower history as Strayer puts it. Furthermore Cahokia has evidence of being much more stratified, with a clear social elite. Chaco Canyon makes little reference toward any form of social structure, whereas in Cahokia life there was a clear idea of a "principal class", including the most important chiefs or Great Suns. There is also record of the lower class, known as "stinkards". Oh and another similarity, both built some form of monumental structure. In the Chaco Canyon it came in the form of Pueblo Bonito, in Mound Builders the firm if the Cahokia central mound. While mound builder culture layed the foundation for later American Indian culture and didn't necessarily "collapse" Chaco Canyon experienced the abandonment of its largest urban center and a decline in its peoples due to an extended drought. Similar to the Maya, it suffered an abrupt halt.

Maroline Johnson

2/10/2013 15:55:29

Ok so here's what I got from that :)

Similarities:
-maize based agriculture
-cultural studies of astronomy
-built monumental structures

Differences:
Ancestral Pueblo
-rock slabs to mark summer solstice
-influenced by Mesoamerica
-no social structure
Mound-builders
-aligned tombs to predict lunar eclipse
-clear social elite
-much more urban

Thaaaaaaaanks!!!!

Paris Bezanis

2/10/2013 16:09:22

The use of rock slabs and mounds are different, but they both serve astronomy, I don't know if those are full differences. Also, don't forget that Cahokia was the product of a build up of culture, whereas Chaco Canyon was kind of a "start up" culture, emerging quickly. Also Cahokia changed/assimilated itself into the cultures of later American Indians and experienced a continuation, whereas Chaco Canyon experienced an abrupt halt to their way of life. While they did "evolve" into the Pueblo peoples of southern north america, they did not experience a direct continuation of their tradition.

Nicole

2/10/2013 16:46:12

Oh!! One similarity that I think no one mentioned (it could be me though, I'm a little sleepy)
Both were involved deeply in some type of exchange of goods and trading routes. The Chaco had local trading routes with individual settlements that they were involved with that brought the exchange of buffalo hides, copper, and turquoise (became major item of regional commerce). The mound builders had the Cahokia center which brought widespread trading networks.

Haha, watch there be nothing about the mound building people on the test what so ever...

Maroline Johnson

2/10/2013 14:39:14

So I just realized that no one has answered the margin question on pg. 201 and I think this is one of the most important ones!!!!

In what ways were the histories of the Ancestral Pueblo and the Mound Builders similar to each other, and how did they differ?

I found several similarities:
1) maize based agriculture
2) semi-sedentary - moderately inactive
3) commerce among cities

Only 1 difference.......
1) Mound-Builders
-Built upwards in a mound shape
Ancestral Pueblo
-Dug down

I have sort of developed a theory of why the ancestral pueblo dug down: they are set up in the middle of the Amazonian desert, so they probably dug holes to trap water when it rarely rained.

Please help me find more differences :)

Victoria Cashman

2/10/2013 14:48:45

Paragraph on page 204 has many.

-Eastern Woodlands had their own agricultural revolution, while Chaco did not
-Mound Builders always had permanent villages, while Ancestral Pueblo developed them later
-Cahokia was more urban than Chaco
-Chaco had more direct contact with Mexico, while Cahokia did not
-Cahokia was climax of mound builders, while Chaco was a starting point for the Pueblo peoples

Maroline Johnson

2/10/2013 15:51:42

Thank you so much!

Emma Fielding

2/10/2013 14:54:07

Ok...big picture question #3.

Strayer mentions that in Africa, internal development (including the arrival of domesticated camels, which later led to trans-Saharan trade, and also the adoption of the Christian faith) and external connections (they had trade routes linking them to Egypt, Rome, and Arabia, and became a stop for ships transporting goods across the Indian Ocean, which made northeast Africa crucial in these trading networks) all generated historical change in Africa during the classical era.
In the Americas, the Maya and Teotihuacán pushed new levels of complexity in classical civilizations, such as the introduction of calendars, and the Chavin religious cult introduced economic and cultural integration to the Peruvian Andes that lasted for several centuries.

Let me know if I missed anything!

Bingham

3/10/2013 00:59:33

Remember the influence of food.

Victoria Cashman

2/10/2013 15:36:52

Here goes Big Pic #2...

"The particular cultures and societies of Africa and of the Americas discussed in this chapter developed largely in isolation from one another." What evidence would support this statement, and what might challenge it?

Evidence that supports this could be that Bantu migrations infiltrated already-established societies, changing ways of life over a long period of time. They made life harder for native hunter gatherers because of agriculture, iron, and disease. The balance in population of hunter/gatherers vs. Bantus changed over time, but the hunter/gatherers were never fully eliminated. These two societies only came to know each other because the Bantus chose to move southward across the continent. They were two completely different societies that had their own systems, but assimilated after both used the same region.
Evidence that challenges this statement can be cited in the relations between Meroe and Axum. Meroe derived its strong military from long distance trade on the Nile and through the use of camel caravans. A statue of Augustus, the Roman Emperor was discovered in Meroe, meaning that they had some contact with the Mediterranean world. Meroe grew from the collapse of the Nubian civilization, meaning that they were influenced by Egyptian traditions, due to Nubia's connections with Egypt. Axum later conquered Meroe, and through its connections to the Roman world (Egypt), it developed Christianity. They also derived their language from that of South Arabia. The Niger River civilization relied on West African commerce for additional resources that its region lacked. Jenne-jeno was an important transshipment port, where goods were transferred from boat to donkey. Later on, the Niger River valley was believed to have some contact with Mauritania and Present-day Mali and Burkina-Faso.

I'm tired, so if there's more evidence please feel free o add it.

Maroline Johnson

2/10/2013 16:19:11

Well the questions asks for examples of Africa AND the Americas. All of the info. you have given (which is very helpful) is on Africa. I honestly think that there isn't much to say about America when it comes to interaction because the continents are spread from north to south, so the climates change enormously, so the crops that are able to thrive are different every 500 miles, so trading is difficult. And it was extremely difficult to get to another civilization because it's rather hard to travel by llama.... All in all, the civilizations of America rarely interacted due to difficulty in transportation. That's supporting the statement.

Paris Bezanis

2/10/2013 16:22:08

So this thought just occurred to me, to any of you who are awake, almost all of these civilizations are connected (with the exception of the Bantus) in that they all have an extreme high regard and use for their craftspeople. The Niger Valley people regard the iron working as occult, and in both Axum and Meroe the iron workers are singled out and mentioned as drivers for the economic industry of the area. In the Americas Teotihuacan's obsidian blade makers have separate workshops generating the products of great demand for the area. The Moche's "most accessible aspect of life..the superb skill of their craftspeople." While this pattern does leave out the much smaller and less sedentary civilizations such as the Bantu's and the North American civ.'s, I still thought it should at least be given some thought.

Nicole

2/10/2013 16:24:14

This might be irreverent but it's something that people can read to help them understand Bantu- speaking peoples more. This is on pg 193 (not the red book)
How do you describe the Bantu religion in relation to Buddhism, Christianity, or Islam?
Unlike the major monotheistic religions, Bantu religious practice was predicated on the notion of “continuous revelation” unlike the “once-and-for-all” revelations from God through the Christian Bible or the Muslim Quran. The Bantu saw the possibility of constantly receiving new messages from the world beyond. Bantu religions were geographically confined, intended to explain, predict, and control local affairs, with no missionary impulse or inclination toward universality.

Alex Rodriguez

3/10/2013 10:26:40

I'm just a little confused when Strayer uses the phrase "city-based civilizations". Does that mean civilizations without states but are organized in a similar way?

Emma Fielding

3/10/2013 11:56:01

OKAY. So in addition to my answer earlier, I would like to add that in Africa, the Bantu peoples adopted new crops, such as coconuts and bananas, and those crops were brought into East Africa by Indonesian sailors. In the Americas, maize was introduced in Ancestral Pueblo/ mound building societies. These factors also all contributed to the change of the civilizations in the classical era.

Malia Nellums

3/10/2013 12:27:45

Just for extra help guys, if you're stumped and no one is really answering you, check the Strayer 7 "What Works" page from last year! It really helps.

Conny Egozi

7/10/2013 10:50:12

I have a question about the timeline, so for lack of anywhere else to post it, I posted it here: First there was Confucianism, which was the solution to the Warring states period, and then a while later the Warring States period began?

Bingham

7/10/2013 12:12:18

You're splitting hairs a bit too much. One doesn't lead to another. Confucianism was inspired by the turmoil of the warring states. Then the Han unified China to end that period, and along the way adopted Confucianism as a means to a new social order under the new political system.
It's a stretch to ascribe a cause and effect relationship.

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Classical Variations, Strayer 7

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