Cultural Transformations, Strayer 15

11/1/2018

By the way, I've posted bunched of "Women DBQs" on the "Writing the AP Way" page for you to use for practice.

Bingham

11/1/2018 14:16:21

Have a look at the grade book. YOU really need a good score on this reading check. It will offset those tests and essays!

Maha Rahman

14/1/2018 13:27:00

MQ1: In what ways did the Protestant Reformation transform European society, culture, and politics?

-shattered religious unity of Roman Catholic Christianity in Europe
-Martin Luther's ideas:
*challenged the authority of the Church and called into question the special position of clerical hierarchy
*provided monarchs with justification of their independence and to gain lands and taxes the Church had held
*gave urban, middle-class people religious legitimacy for their growing role in society
*allowed common people to express opposition to entire social order
-women were not allowed any more freedom in Protestantism as: *Christ was left as the sole figure of worship
*convents which had previously provided an alternative to marriage were closed due to opposition to celibacy and monastic life
*any growing literacy or education of women could only be used in family life as their roles were restricted to being wives and mothers
-the creation of competing Protestant churches created religious tension between and within stats
-France was torn by conflict between Catholics and Huguenots which culminated in the massacre of 3000 Huguenots
-in response the Edict of Nantes was establishes, granting religious toleration to French Protestants
-in the Thirty Years War between Protestants and Catholics, 15-30 percent of German population died from disease, famine, or violence
-the Peace of Westphalia ended the war and announced that each state was sovereign and authorized to control religious affairs within its territory
-a Catholic counter-Reformation formed in which unique doctrines of Catholicism were reaffirmed through the Council of Trent
-there was a crackdown on dissidents including censorship of books, fines, exile, penitence, and burning heretics
-the Reformation encouraged a skeptical attitude toward authority and tradition which fostered religious individualism as people were encouraged to read and interpret scriptures themselves
-The Reformation opened space for new directions in European intellectual life

Julissa

15/1/2018 18:52:22

Maybe it’s be good to add encouraged literacy and education through reading of the Bible. Strayer says this talking about women, but undoubtedly this changed the society as a whole too, right? I’m not sure if this would be counted as a answer though.

Maha Rahman

14/1/2018 13:40:29

MQ2: How was European imperial expansion related to the spread of Christianity?
-the Catholic Spanish and Portuguese viewed expansion overseas as a continuation of a crusading tradition
-colonial settlers and traders sought to replicate Christianity in their newly conquered homelands (ex. The Puritans)
-missionaries (mostly Catholic) actively spread Christianity beyond European communities. (ex. Portuguese missionaries in Asia and Africa, Spanish and French in the Americas, Russian Orthodox Church in Siberia)
-In the Americas the overwhelming European presence experienced through military conquest, colonial settlement, missionaries, forced labor, social disruption and disease made it seem to native peoples as if old gods had been bested and that the future lay with the powerful religion of European invaders, facilitating conversion
-the absence of a literate world religion in the Philippines and Americas made converting native peoples there easier

Maha Rahman

14/1/2018 15:40:25

MQ3: In what ways was European Christianity assimilated into Native American cultures of Spanish America?
Andean civilization
-Native American peoples saw European success as a demonstration of the power of a Christian God and by 1700 many were baptized and saw themselves as Christians
-millions of native peoples accepted baptism, contributed to the construction f village churches, attended services, and embraced images of saints
-women who had previously been shamans, priests, or ritual specialists had no corresponding role in the new Catholic churches and convent life was reserved for Spanish women
-Europeans claimed exclusive religious truth and the utter destruction of local gods which inspired movements of "extirpation" launched by church authorities designed to fatally undermine native religion by destroying religious images and ritual objects, urinating on native idols, desecrating ancestral remains, flogging "idolaters" and holding religious trials and "processions of shame"
-efforts of blending two religions, reinterpreting Christian practices within Andean framework, and incorporating local elements into emerging Andean Christianity included female dancers taking the names of saints, offerings of llama blood to strengthen Christian churches, making cloth coverings for Virgin Mary, etc.
Mexican Civilization
-immigrant Christianity was assimilated into patterns of local culture
-parishes were organized largely around precolonial towns or regions
-churches were built on or near the sites of old temples
-cofradias, church-based associations of laypeople, organized community processions ans festivals
-saints that were central to emerging Mexican Christianity paralleled the functions of precolonial Gods
-Mexico's Virgin of Guadalupe combined Spanish and Mesoamerican notions of Divine Motherhood
-the leader of the church staff was a native Christian of local prestige
-past rituals showed signs of Christian influence (wax candles appeared in front of images of old gods, neglected saints' anger explained illnesses, etc.)

Ella Bernstein

15/1/2018 10:10:48

It's my first time posting one of these so please let me know if there is anything wrong or anything I should add!

MQ 4: Why were missionary efforts to spread Christianity so much less successful in China than in Spanish America?
- Christian missionaries came to Spanish America when its civilizations had been completely destroyed; meanwhile, missionaries came to China, an ancient country with deeply rooted tradition, during a time when China under the Ming and Qing dynastys was thriving and rich, and therefore were not able to have nearly the same impact.
- the missionaries offered little that China was lacking: with Confucianism for the elites and Buddhism, Daoism, and various gods for others, the spiritual needs of the Chinese were already met
- Conversion to Christianity meant abandoning much of traditional Chinese culture
- Chinese men often kept many concubines, who would be left deserted under Christian monogamy
- the pope later declared authority over Chinese Christians, which represented a challenge to the emperor’s authority
- the pope also called sacrifices to Confucius and ancestor worship “idolatry” and forbade them, which was a huge affront to Chinese culture
- after these declarations of the pope, many missionaries were expelled from China by the emperor
- Since missionaries worked under the Manchurian Qing dynasty, they lost favor with some Chinese scholars who regarded Manchurians as uncivilized foreigners
- missionaries’ reputations as miracle workers damaged their standing in China, as elite Chinese men regarded miracles and the supernatural as superstition fit only for the uneducated masses
- some viewed Holy Communion as a form of cannibalism
- some Christian groups met in secret, creating some suspicion that the missionaries were rebels, especially given China’s history of violent peasant rebellions
- some Chinese people also suspected the missionaries as being spies for the Europeans who had conquered the Philippines and who had a military presence in the Indian Ocean

Anya Price

15/1/2018 17:19:33

MQ5: What accounts for the continued spread of Islam in the early modern era and for the emergence of reform or renewal movements within the Islamic world?
-Islam continued to spread because conversion to Islam generally did not mean an abandonment of old religious practices, but rather the assimilation of Islamic practices into existing religions
-Continued Islamization depended on wandering Muslim holy men or Sufis, Islamic scholars, and itinerant traders, none of whom posed a threat to local rulers, and proved useful to local rulers and communities.
-In part, the emergence of reform or renewal movements was a reaction to the religious syncretism accompanying Islamization that became increasingly offensive, even heretical, to Orthodox Muslims.

Bingham

16/1/2018 11:14:11

I've heard from some people asking about our plans for the week. Here is my answer:
I'm thinking you guys should be prepared to take the reading check when I see you. I haven't decided what to do about the rest of the week yet. All I can say is prepare as usual, and we'll adjust our plans in a fair way as we see where things stand.

Chloe Shupe

17/1/2018 10:55:35

MQ7. Why did the Scientific Revolution occur in Europe rather than in China or the Islamic world?

- The autonomy of universities in Europe from both Church and State authorities with the independence their evolved legal system guaranteed
- Science in the Islamic World was patronized by local authorities and caused suspicion as it might challenge the Quran
- Education in China was focused on humanistic and moral concepts of Confucianism rather than focusing on science
- Western Europe was in a position to draw extensively on the knowledge of other cultures, especially the Islamic World
- Europeans were at the center of a massive new exchange of information as they became aware of lands, peoples, plants, animals, societies, and religions, opening the way to new conceptions of the world

Are there any other points I should add?

Ella Bernstein

17/1/2018 16:33:18

MQ 9: In what ways did the Enlightenment challenge older patterns of European thinking?

- Enlightenment figures shared in various degrees a hostility to established political and religious authority
- Many took aim at arbitrary governments, the divine right of kings, and aristocratic privileges
- objected to the superstition, ignorance, and corruption of organized religion
- many "enlightened" people turned to deism, belief in an abstract higher power, or pantheism, belief that God and nature are identical, as alternatives to traditional religion. These faiths were shaped by a scientific outlook on spirituality, and their followers regarded mainstream organized religion as superstition
- Enlightenment thinkers debated on women's role in society, and while women were still denied equal opportunity, the Enlightenment saw several prominent men and women challenging sexism
- Enlightenment thinking was influenced by growing knowledge of foreign societies. For example, French writer Voltaire idealized China, with its merit-based government and secular Confucianism.
- Instead of being fixed by tradition or the divine, human society was seen as improvable through reason

I wasn't sure if this answered the margin question, but there's a brief section of reactions to the Enlightenment, so here's what it says:
- children's education sometimes abandoned the evils of civilization by immersing children in nature
- passionate religious awakenings shook Protestant Europe and North America, such as the emergence of the Methodist movement
- art movements of Romanticism focused on emotion and imagination rather than impersonal science and logic

British Columbia Facesitting link

15/11/2022 12:28:53

Hi great reading your ppost

Bingham

Welcome class of 2020. Some years students collaborate in this space effectively, some years not so much. One thing I know, collaboration significantly enhances learning. If you want access to my thoughts, this is the collaboration space to use. Most people propose an answer to margin questions, big picture question, or anything else related to managing Strayer. Other people can then comment leading to a stronger answer. I'll keep an eye on these pages, and pop in when I think you need me.

Cultural Transformations, Strayer 15

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