Atlantic Revolutions, Strayer 16

19/1/2018

31 Comments

Bingham

19/1/2018 13:50:23

I'm waiting for typed DBQs 1st period!

faith davis

21/1/2018 10:33:11

mq1: in what ways did the ideas of the englightenment contribute to the atlantic revolutions?

-radical notion that human political and social arrangements could be engineered and improved by human actions
-conventional/long established ways of thinking and living (divine right of kings, state control of trade, aristocratic privilege, authority of a single church) were no longer sacrosanct and came under repeated attack
-new ideas of liberty, equality, free trade, religious tolerance, republicanism, and human rationality
-politically, the core notion was "popular sovereignty" - the authority to govern derived from the people rather than God or established tradition
-both possible and desirable to start over in the construction of human communities

Seb Covington

21/1/2018 19:39:39

I would also add that it sparked endless controversy between rulers and ruled.

Izze Chavez

23/1/2018 18:31:33

Here's what I got:
1. The idea that social and political improvement and re engineering could be achieved by human action was supported by the Enlightenment which carried through to the Atlantic Revolutions.
2. The ideas of Republicanism, equality, liberty, social contracts, popular sovereignty. religious tolerance, natural rights, human reasoning, Free trade, and the consent of the governed were constructs of the Enlightenment that also fueled many Atlantic Revolutions.

Seb Covington

21/1/2018 20:04:00

MQ2: What was/was not revolutionary about the American Revolution?
I was kind of confused about the nature of this question and how to answer it.

-WAS NOT a political change as they kept their already standing, English given political structure and political power remained largely in existing elites who led the revolution.
-WAS NOT a social change as they basically had their own social classes/systems even during British rule.
-WAS an economic change due to sudden change of imperially imposed taxes
- accelerated the already standing democratic tendencies
- The America during and after British rule was the revolutionary in the American Revolution.

Megane Lin

22/1/2018 17:33:37

Hey Sebastian,
I also got that it was revolutionary because it marked a decisive political change in America and widened political participation due to the lowering of property requirements for voting. For what was not revolutionary, I noted that it was a conservative movement trying to preserve the liberty of existing colonies.

Julissa Ramirez

22/1/2018 20:55:43

Generated a federal constitution and united 13 formerly separate colonies after an unlikely military victory

Izze Chavez

23/1/2018 18:34:51

Here's what I got:
1. It was revolutionary because it accelerated the already established democratic tendencies of the colonial societies; it marked a decisive political shift towards democracy.
2. It was not revolutionary because instead of changing the existing liberties of the colonies, like slavery or elite status, the kept them and in some cases thrived.

Eleena Sherman

24/1/2018 17:41:17

Hey, I also added that the American revolution influenced and inspired revolutions elsewhere, such as the right to revolution in the Declaration of Indepndence

Also I added that it was the first sustained effort to put political ideas of Enlightenment into practice

Lia Stallmann

24/1/2018 21:08:07

hey, I'm not sure if you implied this when you mentioned Americans kept their political systems, but another way it wasn't revolutionary was that women and people of color were still excluded at the time, despite widening of political participation and growing democratic inclinations.

Seb Covington

21/1/2018 21:12:59

MQ3: How did the French Revolution differ from the American Revolution?

-Was located within the French society rather than in a colonized remote land.
-The people had some representation in the government.
-Was more violent, far-reaching, and radical resulting in a profound social upheaval.
-Was comparable to the Russian and Chinese revolutions rather than the American
-Attacks on old order were efforts towards a wholly new society, rather than the Americans building on older traditions and systems.
-Brought into question women's status and rights through small rebellions, petitions, and riots.
-The abolishment of slavery and religious tolerance towards Jews and Protestants.
-Evoked images of "starting over"
-French influence spread post-revolution through conquest by the way of Napoleon.

Izze Chavez

23/1/2018 18:42:44

Here's what I got:
1. While the American revolution expressed the tensions of a colonial relationship with a distant imperial power, the French insurrection was driven by sharp conflicts within the French society.
2. The French Revolution, during its first five years, was far more violent, far-reaching, and radical than its American counterpart.
3. Unlike the Americans, who sought to restore or build off of earlier freedoms, the French believed they were starting from scratch completely.
4. The French wanted a fresh new start, creating a wholly new society, which was demonstrated by their creating of a new calendar, new street names, and new administrative systems (before administration was associated with three estates, but now they were divided into eighty-three territorial departments).
5. The french Revolution raised the question of women's rights much more so than the American Revolution did.
6. The French revolution also differed from the American in the way that its influence spread. The French, through conquest, spread their influence, while the Americans spread their influence through their constitution and revolution itself.

Chloe Shupe

22/1/2018 20:05:12

BPQ1: Do revolutions originate in oppression and injustice, in the weakening of political authorities, in new ideas, or in the activities of small groups of determined activists?
- Oppression and injustice fueled the Haitian Revolution
- Weakening of political authorities fueled the Spanish American and French revolutions
- New ideas, particularly of the Enlightenment, had an influence on the American, French, Haitian, Spanish American, and feminist revolutions
- Activities of small groups of determined activists were prominent in the feminist revolution

Are there any more examples I should add?

Seb Covington

22/1/2018 21:33:14

MQ4: What was distinctive of the Haitian Revolution, both in world history generally and in the history of the Atlantic Revolutions?

I felt as though I didn't completely answer this question. Help if able!
Thanks!

-Socially, the lowest class came out on top post-revolution, pushing out every non-block citizen. They became equal, free, and independent citizens.
-This was the only completely successful slave revolt in world history.
-disallowed citizenship of the conquered peoples
-The plantation system and the exports of coffee and sugar had been largely destroyed.

Chloe Shupe

23/1/2018 08:13:01

I would also add:
- They became the second independent republic in the Americas and the first non-European state to emerge from Western colonialism
- It represented an effort to connect with the long-deceased native inhabitants
- All Haitian citizens were regarded as "black" and equal regardless of color or class
- It led to the temporary expansion of slavery elsewhere

Chloe Shupe

23/1/2018 08:21:35

And I would also add:
- Injected a deep caution and social conservatism in the elites that led their countries to independence
- Napoleon's defeat in Haiti persuaded him to sell to the United States the French territories known as the Louisiana Purchase

Izze Chavez

23/1/2018 18:47:25

Here's what I got:)
1. It was the only completely successful slave revolt in world history where the lowest order of society, slaves, became equal in rights as any other man.
2. Politically, they had thrown off French imperialists, becoming the second independent state in the Atlantic and the first non-European state to emerge from western colonization.
3. Economically, Haiti destroyed their commercial economy, becoming a sustainable economy, where one could provide for themselves, by using estates granted to former slaves.
4. They didn't have a political shift, rather they abolished slavery and the preference for lighter skin.

Seb Covington

22/1/2018 22:20:50

MQ6: What accounts for the end of Atlantic slavery during the 19th century?

-Enlightenment thinkers/ideals fueled critical opinions of slavery toward abolition.
-The American/French Revs. brought attention to these violations.
-Religiously, Quakers/Protestant evangelicals spoke out against slavery.
-The growing belief that slavery was not politically essential.
-The era of industrial technology and capitalism discredited slavery even further
-The actions of slaves, such as the Haitian Revolution hastened the end of slavery and instilled fear in political leaders.
-Because of slave revolts and the effort to suppress them, most of British society came to the belief of these violations of human rights.
-British anti-slavery pamphlets and heartrending descriptions, petitions to parliament, lawsuits, and boycotts of slave-produced sugar help hasten British abolition.
-British abolition and emancipation of slaves inspired/pressured other countries to do the same
-In Russia, fear of rebellion, economic insufficiency, and moral concerns pushed abolition.
-In the Islamic world, come leaders opposed slavery claiming violations of the Quran.
-The idea that emancipation was a mark of piety was also popular and eventually international pressure got to the Islamic world.

Izze Chavez

23/1/2018 19:02:07

Here's what I got:)
1. Enlightenment thinkers in eighteenth century Europe had become increasingly critical of slavery as a violation of the natural rights of every person, and the outward declarations of equality and liberty during the French and American revolutions focused attention on the obvious breach of human rights involving slavery.
2. An increasingly vociferous religious voice called to attention the moral corruption accompanying slavery.
3. The realization that slavery was not necessary for economic progress, too drove its abolition.
4. The action of slaves themselves likewise hastened the end of slavery. The dramatically successful Haitian Revolution was followed by three major rebellions in the British West Indies, showing that slavery was politically unwise.
5. Secular, religious, political, and economic thinkers or abolitionists who were most powerful in Britain, brought growing pressure on governments to close down slave trades and then to ban slavery all together.

Seb Covington

22/1/2018 22:45:45

MQ7:How did the end of slavery affect the lives of the former slaves?

-Economically, their lives didn't at all improve dramatically
-Nowhere, but Haiti, did retribution of land follow the end of slavery
-Jamaican land provided some room for independent peasant farming
-Sharecropping in the US emerged to replace slavery with low-paid workers often in debt
-Reluctance of former slaves resulted in labor shortages
-Global migration, in response to labor shortages, to the Caribbean, Peru, South Africa, Hawaii, and Malaya brought back some work force
-No political authority opportunities arrose post-slavery, except in Haiti
-For most, emancipation meant "nothing, but freedom"
-Russian freed slaves received and, but remained impoverished due to dues.
-The closing of the slave trade in Africa resulted in interior African work forces which then eventually resulted in European colonization to "emancipate slaves"

Izze Chavez

23/1/2018 19:08:45

So this question is a little tricky, or it was for me at least. I see you answered a question but not particularly this one. This question is asking, "How did the end of the slave trade affect FORMER SLAVES?"
You were answering the question, "How did the end of slavery affect the surrounding countries and lives of others?" What I got was a short answer, if I'm interpreting this question correctly.
1. In most cases, the economic lives of the former slaves did not improve dramatically (you have this point).
2. Newly freed people did not achieve anything close to political equality, except in Haiti (you have this point).
3. The greatest change after emancipation was that the freed people acquired a legally equal status to the white men, but that was it (you have this).
4. No political authority opportunities arose post-slavery, except in Haiti (you have this).

Seb Covington

22/1/2018 22:52:41

MQ8: What accounts for the growth of nationalism as a powerful political and personal identity in the 19th century?

-Atlantic Revolutions sparked the idea of undefended states with distinct cultures and identities
-independence movements in North and South Americas brought up new nations
-The French Revolution declared sovereignty lay with "the people"
-Napoleon's conquests stimulated national resistance, implementing the idea of nationalism
-Erosion of older identities, Science loosening the grip of religion on some, migration to industrial cities and abroad, diminishing local communities, and printing and publishing standardized European languages awakened rulers/governments ideas of culture and national identity
-France and the US saw nationalism as a way to promote democracy and political life
-Japanese and Egyptian opposition to European rule and meddling in internal affairs sparked nationalistic ideals

Izze Chavez

23/1/2018 19:36:02

Here's what I got:)
1. The Atlantic Revolutions declared that sovereignty lay within the people, which could then be used to mobilize these people in order to defend their nation.
2. Populations saw themselves as deeply bound to their fellows by ties of blood, common experience, and culture.
3. Some other bonds, like religion and migration to industrialized/urban cities, allowed for a reduced loyalty to local communities, facilitating a growing nationalism.
4. At the same time the printing press and ability to spread literature allowed for many dialects to be translated into standardized European languages, allowing the reading public to feel like members of a common linguistic group/nation.
5. Nationalism called for the reawakening of older linguistic or cultural identities, and it drew on songs, dance, folktales, historical experiences, and memories of earlier cultures.
6. Governments throughout the Western World claimed to act on behalf of their nations and sought to instill national loyalties in their citizens through school, public rituals, mass medias, and military services.
7. Nationalism took on a variety of political ideologies, as many different political parties used nationalism for their own purposes.

Chloe Shupe

23/1/2018 14:06:09

MQ5. How were the Spanish American revolutions shaped by the American, French, and Haitian Revolutions that happened earlier?
- Similar to British North America, native-born elites were offended and insulted by the Spanish monarchy's efforts to exercise greater power over its colonies and to subject them to heavier taxes and tariffs
- Intellectuals had become familiar with the ideas of popular sovereignty, republican government, and personal liberty from Enlightenment thinkers
- Extensive violence of the French and Haitian revolutions was a lesson to Latin American elites that political change could easily get out of hand and was fraught with danger to themselves

This answer is probably missing a lot of key points so please help me!!!

Izze Chavez

23/1/2018 18:54:58

Here's what I got:)
1. Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal, causing legitimate royal authority to be thrown into disarray, forcing Latin Americans to take action.
2. The extensive violence of the French and Haitian revolutions were lessons to Latin American elites that political change could easily get out of hand and was fraught with danger to themselves. Other revolts like Hidalgo-Morelos in Mexico and Native Americans in Peru reminded white men they sat atop an explosive society.
3. Nationalist leaders were mostly genuinely liberal and were influenced by the ideals of enlightenment such as, popular sovereignty, republicanism, and personal liberty.

Olivia Miller

23/1/2018 20:41:42

I agree with everything you have Izze. I also added, though, that the nationalist leaders were influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenment AND the French Revolution.

Ella Bernstein

23/1/2018 19:09:17

I would like to say that "Russian slaves" are mentioned a couple times, but in reality they were serfs, and although serfdom was very similar to slavery in practice, they might not apply to some questions about slavery.

Izze Chavez

23/1/2018 19:42:03

MQ9: What were the achievements and limitations of nineteenth century feminism?
1. Women societies became popular when the National Women Suffrage Association claimed 2 million members.
2. By 1900, upper and middle-class women's literacy rates were growing steadily as they were gaining access to universities in small numbers.
3. In the US, certain states passed legislation for women to manage and own their own property, separate from their husbands.
4. Professions such as medicine were opened to few, but teaching usually had a stronger calling to women.
5. In Britain, nursing schools became widely popular and in the US social work became a female-dominated field.
6. As far as limitations, women could not vote aside from Finland.
7. Nowhere did the 19th century feminism have thoroughly revolutionary consequences.

Josie Nunn

24/1/2018 18:44:51

For number 6, New Zealand was the first country to allow women to vote, Finland was the second.

Eleena Sherman

24/1/2018 18:55:03

I'm not sure if this is too narrow of a detail to add, but I also have that some scholars viewed feminism as selfish because they argued that life outside of the home for a woman would cause reproductive damage and would result in depopulating the nation as a limitation of 19th century feminism

hannah hervat

24/1/2018 21:59:49

BPQ #3: Did the Altantic revolutions fulfill or betray the goals of those who made them? Consider this question in both short and long term perspectives.

Politically, societies were led towards democratic reform with the idea of popular sovereignty. French soliders returned from America with "republican enthusism" which led them to begin resisting the monarchy. Haiti emerged from western colonialism and became an independent republic post-slavery.

Socially, slavery was abolished everywhere from the enlightenment notion that slavery was a violation of inalienable human rights and the moral corruption that in caused in religions. However, in Haiti, the abolition of slavery caused a temporary expansion of slavery elsewhere. Also socially, was the new opportunities and greater equality granted to women. France raised the question of female political equality the most and emerged 60 women's clubs although they were all banned in 1793. Women gained new educational rights such as the entrance to universities, had growing literacy rates, and had the organized feminist conference at Seneca falls.

Economically, taxes were reduced on peasants as the French government "modernized" the tax system. In France, after the Declaration of the rights of man and citizen, the monarchy's efforts at imposing new taxes were resisted. The imposing of taxes in Spanish America helped to prompt their revolution although ending up impoverished.

In summary, yes the abolitionists, nationalists, and feminists fulfilled their goals to a certain extent through globalization of their ideas, but only to a certain extent as their efforts are still continuing.

Bingham

Welcome class of 2020. Some years students collaborate in this space effectively, some years not so much. One thing I know, collaboration significantly enhances learning. If you want access to my thoughts, this is the collaboration space to use. Most people propose an answer to margin questions, big picture question, or anything else related to managing Strayer. Other people can then comment leading to a stronger answer. I'll keep an eye on these pages, and pop in when I think you need me.

Atlantic Revolutions, Strayer 16

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